Elsevier S & T

Advanced Graphics Programming Using OpenGL

McReynolds, Tom; Blythe, David

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Table of contents

Cover
Contentsvi
Prefacexxiii
Acknowledgementsxxvii
Biographiesxxviii
Part I Concepts1
Chapter 1 Geometry Representation and Modeling3
1.1 Polygonal Representation3
1.2 Decomposition and Tessellation4
1.3 Shading Normals8
1.3.1 Smooth Shading9
1.3.2 Vertex Winding Order11
1.4 Triangle Stripping12
1.4.1 Greedy Tri-stripping13
1.5 Vertices and Vertex Arrays14
1.5.1 Vertex Buffer Objects15
1.5.2 Triangle Lists16
1.6 Modeling vs. Rendering Revisited17
Chapter 2 3D Transformations19
2.1 Data Representation19
2.2 Overview of the Transformation Pipeline20
2.2.1 Object Space and the Modelview Transform20
2.2.2 Eye Space and Projection Transform21
2.2.3 Clip Space and Perspective Divide22
2.2.4 NDC Space and the Viewport Transform22
2.2.5 Window Space23
2.3 Normal Transformation23
2.4 Texture Coordinate Generation and Transformation25
2.4.1 Texture Matrix25
2.4.2 Texture Coordinate Generation25
2.5 Modeling Transforms27
2.6 Visualizing Transform Sequences28
2.7 Projection Transform30
2.8 The Z Coordinate and Perspective Projection30
2.8.1 Z Coordinates and Fog32
2.9 Vertex Programs32
2.10 Summary34
Chapter 3 Color, Shading, and Lighting35
3.1 Representing Color35
3.1.1 Resolution and Dynamic Range36
3.1.2 Gamma37
3.1.3 Alpha39
3.1.4 Color Index39
3.2 Shading40
3.3 Lighting43
3.3.1 Intensities, Colors, and Materials46
3.3.2 Light Source Properties47
3.3.3 Material Properties49
3.3.4 Vertex and Fragment Lighting50
3.4 Fixed-Point and Floating-Point Arithmetic53
3.4.1 Biased Arithmetic54
3.5 Summary56
Chapter 4 Digital Images and Image Manipulation57
4.1 Image Representation57
4.2 Digital Filtering60
4.3 Convolution62
4.4 Images in OpenGL63
4.5 Positioning Images65
4.6 Pixel Store Operations65
4.7 Pixel Transfer Operations67
4.7.1 Scale and Bias67
4.7.2 Pixel Mapping Operations67
4.8 ARB Imaging Subset68
4.8.1 Convolution68
4.8.2 Color Matrix Transform68
4.8.3 Histogram69
4.8.4 MinMax70
4.8.5 Color Tables70
4.8.6 Blend Equation and Constant Color Blending71
4.9 Off-Screen Processing72
4.10 Summary72
Chapter 5 Texture Mapping73
5.1 Loading Texture Images73
5.1.1 Texture Borders74
5.1.2 Internal Texture Formats75
5.1.3 Compressed Textures76
5.1.4 Proxy Textures77
5.2 Texture Coordinates77
5.2.1 Texture Coordinate Generation and Transformation79
5.3 Loading Texture Images from the Frame Buffer79
5.4 Environment Mapping80
5.4.1 Generating Environment Map Texture Coordinates81
5.4.2 Texture Maps Used in Environment Mapping82
5.4.3 Cube Mapping83
5.4.4 Sphere Mapping85
5.5 3D Texture88
5.5.1 Using 3D Textures to Render Solid Materials89
5.6 Filtering90
5.7 Additional Control of Texture Level of Detail91
5.8 Texture Objects93
5.9 Multitexture95
5.9.1 Multitexture Model96
5.9.2 Multitexture Texture Environments97
5.10 Texture Environment98
5.10.1 Advanced Texture Environment Functionality99
5.10.2 Fragment Programs100
5.11 Summary102
Chapter 6 Rasterization and Fragment Processing103
6.1 Rasterization104
6.1.1 Rasterization Consistency105
6.1.2 Z-Fighting105
6.1.3 Bitmaps and Pixel Rectangles107
6.1.4 Texture, Color, and Depth Interpolation108
6.1.5 w Buffering109
6.2 Fragment Operations110
6.2.1 Multisample Operations111
6.2.2 Alpha Test111
6.2.3 Stencil Test111
6.2.4 Blending112
6.2.5 Logic Op114
6.3 Framebuffer Operations115
6.3.1 Accumulation Buffer116
6.4 Summary117
Chapter 7 Window System and Platform Integration119
7.1 Renderer and Window State120
7.2 Address Space and Threads121
7.3 Anatomy of a Window122
7.3.1 Overlay and Underlay Windows122
7.3.2 Multiple Displays123
7.4 Off-Screen Rendering124
7.4.1 GLX Pbuffers125
7.4.2 WGL Pbuffers126
7.5 Rendering to Texture Maps126
7.6 Direct and Indirect Rendering127
Chapter 8 OpenGL Implementations129
8.1 OpenGL Versions129
8.2 OpenGL Extensions131
8.3 OpenGL ES for Embedded Systems131
8.3.1 Embedded Profiles132
8.3.2 Common and Common-Lite Profiles133
8.3.3 Safety Critical Profile136
8.3.4 OpenGL ES Revisions136
8.4 OpenGL Pipeline Evolution137
8.5 Hardware Implementations of the Pipeline138
8.5.1 Rasterization Acceleration138
8.5.2 Primitive Setup Acceleration141
8.5.3 Transform and Lighting Acceleration141
8.5.4 Pipeline Balance142
8.5.5 Parallelism Opportunities142
8.5.6 Reordering the Pipeline149
8.5.7 Mixed Software and Hardware Implementations150
8.6 The Future151
Part II Basic Techniques153
Chapter 9 Multiple Rendering Passes155
9.1 Invariance155
9.2 Multipass Overview156
9.3 The Multipass Toolbox159
9.3.1 Arithmetic Operations159
9.3.2 Arbitrary Functions160
9.3.3 Conditionals161
9.3.4 Variables162
9.3.5 Parameters163
9.4 Multipass Limitations165
9.5 Multipass vs. Micropass165
9.5.1 Multitexture166
9.6 Deferred Shading167
9.7 Summary167
Chapter 10 Antialiasing169
10.1 Full-Scene Antialiasing170
10.2 Supersampling171
10.2.1 Supersampling by Overdrawing172
10.2.2 Supersampling with the Accumulation Buffer173
10.2.3 Multisample Antialiasing175
10.2.4 Drawbacks176
10.3 Area Sampling177
10.4 Line and Point Antialiasing178
10.5 Antialiasing with Textures180
10.6 Polygon Antialiasing181
10.7 Temporal Antialiasing182
10.7.1 Motion Blur183
10.8 Summary184
Chapter 11 Compositing, Blending, and Transparency185
11.1 Combining Two Images185
11.1.1 Compositing186
11.1.2 Compositing Multiple Images187
11.1.3 Alpha Division190
11.2 Other Compositing Operators190
11.3 Keying and Matting192
11.4 Blending Artifacts192
11.4.1 Arithmetic Errors192
11.4.2 Blending with the Accumulation Buffer193
11.4.3 Approximation Errors193
11.4.4 Gamma Correction Errors193
11.5 Compositing Images with Depth194
11.6 Other Blending Operations195
11.7 Dissolves196
11.8 Transparency199
11.9 Alpha-Blended Transparency200
11.9.1 Dynamic Object Transparency202
11.9.2 Transparency Mapping203
11.9.3 Transparency Sorting204
11.9.4 Depth Peeling205
11.10 Screen-Door Transparency205
11.10.1 Multisample Transparency207
11.11 Summary208
Chapter 12 Image Processing Techniques211
12.1 OpenGL Imaging Support211
12.2 Image Storage212
12.3 Point Operations213
12.3.1 Color Adjustment213
12.3.2 Interpolation and Extrapolation213
12.3.3 Scale and Bias215
12.3.4 Thresholding215
12.3.5 Conversion to Luminance216
12.3.6 Manipulating Saturation216
12.3.7 Rotating Hue218
12.3.8 Color Space Conversion219
12.4 Region-based Operations223
12.4.1 Contrast Stretching224
12.4.2 Histogram Equalization224
12.5 Reduction Operations225
12.6 Convolution227
12.6.1 Separable Filters227
12.6.2 Convolutions Using the Accumulation Buffer228
12.6.3 Convolution Using Extensions230
12.6.4 Useful Convolution Filters230
12.6.5 Correlation and Feature Detection233
12.7 Geometric Operations235
12.7.1 Pixel Zoom235
12.7.2 Scaling Using Texture Mapping236
12.7.3 Rotation Using Texture Mapping237
12.7.4 Distortion Correction237
12.8 Image-Based Depth of Field238
12.9 High-Dynamic Range Imaging241
12.9.1 Dynamic Range241
12.9.2 Tone Mapping242
12.9.3 Modeling Adaptation245
12.10 Summary245
Chapter 13 Basic Transform Techniques247
13.1 Computing Inverse Transforms Efficiently247
13.2 Stereo Viewing249
13.3 Depth of Field252
13.4 Image Tiling254
13.5 Billboarding Geometry257
13.6 Texture Coordinate vs. Geometric Transformations261
13.6.1 Direct Vertex to Texture Coordinate Mapping263
13.6.2 Overlaying an Entire Scene with a Texture263
13.6.3 Overlaying a Scene with an Independent Texture Projection264
13.7 Interpolating Vertex Components through a Perspective Transformation265
13.7.1 Transforming Vertices in the Application265
13.7.2 Interpolating Vertex Components266
13.7.3 Computing LOD267
13.8 Summary268
Chapter 14 Texture Mapping Techniques269
14.1 Loading Texture Images into a Framebuffer270
14.2 Optimizing Texture Coordinate Assignment270
14.3 3D Textures271
14.4 Texture Mosaics274
14.5 Texture Tiling277
14.6 Texture Paging279
14.6.1 Texture Subimage Loading282
14.6.2 Paging Images in System Memory285
14.6.3 Hardware Support for Texture Paging286
14.7 Prefiltered Textures287
14.7.1 Computing Texel Aspect Ratios288
14.8 Dual-Paraboloid Environment Mapping291
14.8.1 The Mathematics of Dual-Paraboloid Maps291
14.8.2 Using Dual-Paraboloid Maps294
14.8.3 OpenGL Dual-Paraboloid Support296
14.9 Texture Projection296
14.10 Texture Color Coding and Contouring298
14.11 2D Image Warping300
14.12 Texture Animation302
14.13 Detail Textures306
14.13.1 Signed Intensity Detail Textures309
14.13.2 Creating Detail Textures311
14.14 Texture Sharpening312
14.15 Mipmap Generation313
14.16 Texture Map Limits315
14.17 Summary316
Chapter 15 Lighting Techniques317
15.1 Limitations in Vertex Lighting317
15.1.1 Static and Adaptive Tessellation319
15.1.2 Local Light and Spotlight Attenuation320
15.2 Fragment Lighting Using Texture Mapping321
15.3 Spotlight Effects Using Projective Textures322
15.4 Specular Lighting Using Environment Maps325
15.4.1 Multitexture326
15.5 Light Maps327
15.5.1 2D Texture Light Maps327
15.5.2 3D Texture Light Maps330
15.6 BRDF-based Lighting332
15.7 Reflectance Maps332
15.7.1 Gloss Maps332
15.7.2 Emission Maps334
15.8 Per-fragment Lighting Computations334
15.9 Other Lighting Models335
15.9.1 Fresnel Reflection335
15.9.2 Gaussian Reflection336
15.9.3 Anisotropic Lighting337
15.9.4 Oren-Nayar Model340
15.9.5 Cook-Torrance Model342
15.10 Bump Mapping with Textures343
15.10.1 Approximating Bump Mapping Using Texture345
15.10.2 Tangent Space346
15.10.3 Forward Differencing347
15.10.4 Limitations351
15.11 Normal Maps352
15.11.1 Vector Normalization352
15.12 Bump-mapped Reflections353
15.13 High Dynamic Range Lighting354
15.13.1 Bloom and Glare Effects354
15.14 Global Illumination355
15.14.1 Virtual Light Technique355
15.14.2 Combining OpenGL Lighting with Radiosity356
15.14.3 Ambient Occlusion357
15.15 Summary359
Part III Advanced Techniques361
Chapter 16 CAD and Modeling Techniques363
16.1 Picking and Highlighting363
16.1.1 OpenGL Selection364
16.1.2 Object Tagging in the Color Buffer365
16.1.3 Proxy Geometry366
16.1.4 Mapping from Window to Object Coordinates367
16.1.5 Other Picking Methods367
16.1.6 Highlighting367
16.1.7 XOR Highlighting368
16.1.8 Foreground Object Manipulation369
16.2 Culling Techniques369
16.3 Occlusion Culling370
16.3.1 Choosing Occluders371
16.3.2 Building the Occlusion Map371
16.3.3 Building the Depth Estimation Buffer372
16.3.4 Occlusion Testing372
16.3.5 Other Occlusion Testing Methods373
16.4 Geometric Level of Detail373
16.4.1 Changing Detail374
16.4.2 Transition Techniques375
16.5 Visualizing Surface Orientation377
16.6 Visualizing Surface Curvature379
16.7 Line Rendering Techniques380
16.7.1 Wireframe Models381
16.7.2 Hidden Lines382
16.7.3 Polygon Offset384
16.7.4 Depth Range384
16.7.5 Haloed Lines385
16.7.6 Silhouette Edges386
16.7.7 Preventing Antialiasing Artifacts389
16.7.8 End Caps on Wide Lines390
16.8 Coplanar Polygons and Decaling390
16.9 Capping Clipped Solids392
16.10 Constructive Solid Geometry393
Chapter 17 Scene Realism403
17.1 Reflections404
17.1.1 Object vs. Image Techniques404
17.1.2 Planar Reflectors407
17.1.3 Curved Reflectors411
17.1.4 Interreflections419
17.1.5 Imperfect Reflectors422
17.2 Refraction424
17.2.1 Refraction Equation424
17.2.2 Planar Refraction426
17.2.3 Texture Mapped Refraction428
17.2.4 Environment Mapped Refraction429
17.2.5 Modeling Multiple Refraction Boundaries430
17.2.6 Clipping Refracted Objects431
17.3 Creating Environment Maps432
17.3.1 Creating Environment Maps with Ray Casting433
17.3.2 Creating Environment Maps with Texture Warping434
17.3.3 Cube Map Textures437
17.3.4 Sphere Map Textures440
17.3.5 Dual-paraboloid Maps443
17.3.6 Updating Environment Maps Dynamically448
17.4 Shadows449
17.4.1 Projective Shadows450
17.4.2 Shadow Volumes452
17.4.3 Shadow Maps459
17.4.4 Creating Soft Shadows463
17.5 Summary465
Chapter 18 Natural Detail467
18.1 Particle Systems467
18.1.1 Representing Particles469
18.1.2 Number of Particles473
18.1.3 Modeling Particle Interactions473
18.1.4 Updating and Rendering Particles475
18.1.5 Applications478
18.2 Dynamic Meshes484
18.3 Procedural Texture Generation487
18.3.1 Filtered Noise Functions487
18.3.2 Generating Noise Functions489
18.3.3 Filtering Using Texture Convolution490
18.3.4 Optimizing the Convolution Process492
18.3.5 Spectral Synthesis495
18.3.6 Turbulence496
18.3.7 Random Image Warping498
18.3.8 Generating 3D Noise498
18.4 Summary500
Chapter 19 Illustration and Artistic Techniques501
19.1 Projections for Illustration501
19.1.1 Axonometric Projection502
19.1.2 Oblique Projection503
19.2 Nonphotorealistic Lighting Models505
19.2.1 Matte Surfaces505
19.2.2 Metallic Surfaces506
19.3 Edge Lines507
19.4 Cutaway Views508
19.4.1 Surface Texture510
19.5 Depth Cuing511
19.6 Patterns and Hatching512
19.6.1 Cross Hatching and 3D Halftones513
19.6.2 Halftoning515
19.7 2D Drawing Techniques516
19.7.1 Accuracy in 2D Drawing516
19.7.2 Line Joins517
19.7.3 2D Trim Curves518
19.8 Text Rendering520
19.8.1 Image-based Text520
19.8.2 Geometry-based Text523
19.9 Drawing and Painting525
19.9.1 Undo and Resolution Independence527
19.9.2 Painting in 3D527
19.9.3 Painting on Images529
19.10 Summary530
Chapter 20 Scientific Visualization531
20.1 Mapping Numbers to Pictures531
20.2 Visual Cues and Perception531
20.3 Data Characterization532
20.4 Point Data Visualization534
20.4.1 Scatter Plots534
20.4.2 Iconographic Display535
20.4.3 Andrews Plots536
20.4.4 Histograms and Charts537
20.5 Scalar Field Visualization538
20.5.1 Line Graphs538
20.5.2 Contour Lines539
20.5.3 Annotating Metrics539
20.5.4 Image Display540
20.5.5 Surface Display543
20.5.6 Isosurfaces545
20.5.7 Volume Slicing546
20.5.8 Volume Rendering547
20.5.9 Texture Slicing549
20.5.10 Splatting556
20.5.11 Creating Volume Data559
20.6 Vector Field Visualization560
20.6.1 Icons561
20.6.2 Particle Tracing561
20.6.3 Stream Lines563
20.6.4 Illuminated Stream Lines563
20.6.5 Line Integral Convolution564
20.7 Tensor Field Visualization568
20.7.1 Hyperstreamlines569
20.8 Summary570
Chapter 21 Structuring Applications for Performance571
21.1 Structuring Graphics Processing571
21.1.1 Scene Graphs572
21.1.2 Vertex Updates575
21.1.3 Texture Updates576
21.2 Managing Frame Time577
21.2.1 Input Phase579
21.2.2 Rendering Phase579
21.2.3 Computation Phase580
21.2.4 The Safety Margin581
21.3 Application Performance Tuning581
21.3.1 Locating Bottlenecks581
21.3.2 Finding Application Bottlenecks583
21.3.3 Measuring Performance587
21.3.4 Measuring Depth Complexity589
21.3.5 Pipeline Interleaving591
21.4 Summary592
Appendix A Using OpenGL Extensions593
A.1 How OpenGL Extensions are Documented593
A.2 Finding OpenGL Extension Specifications594
A.3 How to Read an OpenGL Extension Specification594
A.3.1 ARB Extensions598
A.4 Portable Use of OpenGL Extensions599
A.5 Using Extension Function Pointers602
Appendix B Equations605
B.1 3D Vectors605
B.1.1 Spherical Coordinates606
B.1.2 Linear Interpolation of 3D Vectors606
B.1.3 Barycentric Coordinates607
B.2 Projection Matrices607
B.2.1 Orthographic Projection607
B.2.2 Perspective Projection607
B.2.3 Perspective z-Coordinate Transformations608
B.2.4 Alternative Perspective Projection608
B.3 Viewing Transforms608
B.4 Modeling Transforms609
B.4.1 Scaling609
B.4.2 Translation609
B.4.3 Rotation609
B.5 Parallel and Perpendicular Vectors610
B.6 Reflection Vector610
B.7 Lighting Equations610
B.8 Function Approximations612
B.8.1 Taylor Series Expansion612
B.8.2 Newton-Raphson Method612
B.8.3 Hypotenuse613
Bibliography615
Subject Index629

Book details

Vendor Elsevier S & T
SKU 9781558606593
ISBN-13 9780080475721
Author McReynolds, Tom; Blythe, David
Category Computers
Subject Computer Graphics

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Today truly useful and interactive graphics are available on affordable computers. While hardware progress has been impressive, widespread gains in software expertise have come more slowly. Information about advanced techniques—beyond those learned in introductory computer graphics texts—is not as easy to come by as inexpensive hardware.

This book brings the graphics programmer beyond the basics and introduces them to advanced knowledge that is hard to obtain outside of an intensive CG work environment. The book is about graphics techniques—those that don’t require esoteric hardware or custom graphics libraries—that are written in a comprehensive style and do useful things. It covers graphics that are not covered well in your old graphics textbook. But it also goes further, teaching you how to apply those techniques in real world applications, filling real world needs.

* Emphasizes the algorithmic side of computer graphics, with a practical application focus, and provides usable techniques for real world problems.
* Serves as an introduction to the techniques that are hard to obtain outside of an intensive computer graphics work environment.
* Sophisticated and novel programming techniques are implemented in C using the OpenGL library, including coverage of color and lighting; texture mapping; blending and compositing; antialiasing; image processing; special effects; natural phenomena; artistic and non-photorealistic techniques, and many others.
* Code fragments are used in the book, and full blown example programs for virtually every algorithm are available at www.mkp.com/opengl

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