Elsevier S & T

Advances in Agronomy

Sparks, Donald L

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Table of contents

Title Pageiii
Copyright Pageiv
Contentsv
Contributorsxi
Prefacexiii
Chapter 1: Soil Redox Potential: Importance, Field Measurements, and Observations1
I. Introduction2
A. Redox and Wetland Issues2
B. Relevance of Redox Measurements in Soil Science5
II. Potentiometric Measuring Techniques11
A. Reference Cell13
B. Working Redox Electrodes15
C. Problems of Soil Redox Measurements20
D. Testing Electrodes Prior to Installation24
III. Data Interpretation25
A. Correction of Field Data25
B. Variability27
C. Pooling of Long-Term Data Sets30
IV. Alternative Methods for Assessing Reduction in the Field32
A. Iron-Coated (IRIS) Tubes32
B. Dyes34
C. Zero Valence Iron Rods35
V. Field Installation and Procedures for Redox Potential Measurements36
A. Number of Electrodes to Install36
B. Installing Pt Electrodes38
C. Reading the Electrodes41
D. Common Field Problems41
E. Field pH Measurements42
F. Interpreting Redox Potential43
VI. Summary44
References44
Chapter 2: Increasing Rice Production in Sub-Saharan Africa: Challenges and Opportunities55
I. Introduction57
II. Rice Demand and Supply58
III. Wetlands: The Potential Resource for Rice Production in SSA63
A. Definition, Area and Distribution of Wetlands64
B. Types and Characteristics of Wetlands64
IV. Rice Soil Resources67
A. Dryland Soils and Their Characteristics67
B. Wetland Soils and Their Characteristics68
V. Agroclimatic Zones and Rice Ecosystems71
A. Dryland Rice Ecosystems72
B. Wetland Rice Ecosystems77
VI. Rice Production Constraints in SSA85
A. Physical, Biological, and Management Constraints85
B. Human Resource Constraints85
C. Socioeconomic and Policy Constraints86
VII. Rice Research and Technology Development During the Past 20 Years86
A. Rice Germplasm, Breeding, and Variety Development87
B. Rice Seed Production and Distribution Services97
C. Crop Establishment99
D. Nutrient Management99
E. Water Management for Rainfed and Irrigated Areas107
F. Weeds, Insect Pests, and Diseases and Their Management111
G. Grain Quality Management: From Breeding to Milling114
H. Diversification of Rice Farming Systems115
I. ICM for Rice115
VIII. Rice Intensification Issues and Thoughts for the Future117
A. Rice Intensification in Relation to Vector-Borne Human Diseases117
B. Environmental Issues Related to Rice Intensification in SSA120
C. Preparing for the Impact of Climate Change121
D. Technology Delivery and Deployment Issues122
E. Policy Support for Rice Intensification in SSA123
IX. Conclusions: Challenges to and Opportunities for Enhancing Rice Production in SSA124
Acknowledgments125
References126
Chapter 3: Phosphate Reaction Dynamics in Soils and Soil Components: A Multiscale Approach135
I. Introduction136
II. P Chemistry137
III. Phosphate Adsorption on Soil Components138
A. Phosphate Adsorption on Soils (Empirical Approaches)138
B. Phosphate Retention as Affected by Physicochemical Properties of Soils139
C. pH Effects on Phosphate Adsorption on Variable Charge Minerals140
D. Phosphate Adsorption on Metal Oxides141
E. Phosphate Adsorption on Phyllosilicate Minerals142
F. Temperature Effects on P Adsorption on Soil Components143
G. I Effects on P Surface Complexation145
IV. Phosphate Surface Complexation on Soil Components146
A. Surface Complexation-Modeling Approaches146
B. Electrophoretic Mobility Measurement Studies147
C. Ex Situ Spectroscopic Studies148
D. In Situ Spectroscopic Studies149
V. Residence Time Effects on Phosphate Adsorption and Desorption in Soils and Soil Components159
A. Residence Time Effects Theory159
B. Slow Adsorption160
C. Slow Desorption Process and Hysteresis161
D. Solid-State, Inter-, and Intraparticle Diffusion165
E. Surface Precipitation167
F. Higher Energy Binding Through Chemical Reconfiguration170
VI. Future Research Needs171
References171
Chapter 4: Ecological Agriculture in China: Principles and Applications181
I. Introduction182
A. Alternative Agriculture183
B. Ecological Agriculture in the West183
C. International Sustainable Agriculture184
II. Chinese Ecological Agriculture185
A. Environmental Problems in China185
B. Researches on SA in China186
C. Characteristics of CEA187
D. Basic Principles of CEA188
III. Development and Achievements of CEA191
IV. Practical Aspects of CEA193
A. Vertically Distributed Farming193
B. Multilevel Organic Substance Utilization193
C. Energy Exploitation194
D. Integrated Control Techniques194
E. Introducing New Varieties194
F. Comprehensive Management of the Agricultural Environment195
V. Case Studies of CEA195
A. Ecological Agriculture in Mountainous Regions195
B. Water-Collecting Ecological Agriculture in Western China197
C. From Ecological Agriculture to Ecological Industry199
VI. Problems202
A. From Theory to Practice202
B. Poverty202
C. Lack of Systematic Theoretical Research203
D. Samll Production Scale203
E. Lack of Funds203
F. Education of Farmers203
G. Lack of Market Competiveness204
VII. Concluding Remarks204
A. Further Studies on Theories of CEA204
B. Modern Techniques Application204
C. Organic Food: Filling a Gap in the Market205
D. Ecological Agriculture and Township Enterprise205
E. International Cooperation in Ecological Agriculture205
Acknowledgments206
References206
Chapter 5: Cotton Leaf Photosynthesis and Carbon Metabolism209
I. Introduction210
II. Genetic Variability210
A. CO2 Exchange Rate and Stomatal Conductance210
B. Chlorophyll Fluorescence214
C. Photosynthetic Enzymes215
D. A:Ci Curves216
E. 13C Discrimination217
III. Management and Environmental Effects219
A. Plant Growth Regulators219
B. Plant Nutrition and Soil Fertility221
C. Moisture Stress223
D. Temperature225
IV. Conclusions229
V. Summary229
References229
Chapter 6: The Impacts of Grazing Animals on the Quality of Soils, Vegetation, and Surface Waters in237
I. Introduction238
II. Impact of Treading by Grazing Animals on Grassland Soils240
III. Factors Influencing the Amount and Form of Soil Structural Alteration241
A. Animal Species and Age241
B. Stocking Density242
C. Soil Moisture243
D. Vegetation Cover244
IV. Forms of Soil Structural Alteration Resulting from Treading by Grazing Animals245
A. Soil Compaction245
B. Soil Pugging246
C. Soil Poaching247
V. The Impacts of Soil Structural Alteration by Grazing Animals249
A. Treading and Soil Physical Properties249
B. Treading and Soil Hydrology251
C. Treading and Vegetation Growth252
D. Treading and Soil Fauna254
VI. The Impact of Defoliation by Grazing Animals on Grassland Vegetation254
A. Animal Species and Age255
B. Stocking Density256
C. Vegetation Response257
VII. Impact of Excretion by Grazing Animals on Vegetation, Soils, and Surface Waters in Intensively258
A. Livestock Wastes as a Source of Nutrients258
B. Livestock Wastes as a Source of Pathogens259
VIII. Impacts of Grazing Animals on the Water Quality of Surface Waters in Intensively Managed Grass260
A. Soil Erosion and Sedimentation Problems262
B. Eutrophication263
C. Pathogenic Contamination265
IX. Environmental Degradation by Grazing Animals: Recovery and Remediation266
A. Natural Recovery of Soil Physical Condition Following Treading Damage266
B. Mitigation and Damage Reduction Methods266
X. Future Research272
Acknowledgments273
References273
Index281

Book details

Vendor Elsevier S & T
SKU 9780123741073
ISBN-13 9780080522272
Author Sparks, Donald L
Category Science
Subject Biology

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Advances in Agronomy continues to be recognized as a leading reference and a first-rate source for the latest research in agronomy. As always, the subjects covered are varied and exemplary of the myraid of subject matter dealt with by this long-running serial.

Volume 94 contains six oustanding reviews and more than 20 color figures.

* Maintains the highest impact factor among serial publications in Agriculture
* Presents timely reviews on important agronomy issues
* Enjoys a long-standing reputation for excellence in the field

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