Elsevier S & T

Advances in Applied Microbiology

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Table of contents

Contentsv
Chapter 1: Unusual Two-Component Signal Transduction Pathways in the Actinobacteria1
I. Introduction1
II. Unusual Two-Component Systems in Actinobacteria6
A. VanRS and Vancomycin Resistance6
B. AbsA1/27
C. SenRS and Haemin Resistance9
D. The sigmaE-CseABC Signal Transduction Pathway9
E. MtrAB12
F. Intramembrane-Sensing Histidine Kinases14
G. Leaderless Transcripts14
III. Orphan Two-Component Proteins16
A. DosRST: A Branched Pathway16
B. Predictions Based on Homology and Ontology17
C. Typical Response Regulators18
D. Atypical Response Regulators19
IV. Conclusions and Perspectives20
Acknowledgments21
References21
Chapter 2: Acyl-HSL Signal Decay: Intrinsic to Bacterial Cell-Cell Communications27
I. Introduction27
II. Acyl-HSL-Degrading Organisms, Enzymes, and Homologues28
III. Mechanisms of Acyl-HSL Degradation36
A. Chemical Hydrolysis37
B. Biochemical Hydrolysis by Acyl-HSL Lactonases39
C. Biochemical Degradation by Acyl-HSL Acylases40
D. Biochemical Degradation by Acyl-HSL Oxidoreductase42
E. Inactivation Reactions Involving Oxidized Halogen Antimicrobials43
F. Inactivation by Eukaryotes44
IV. Specificity of Acyl-HSL-Degrading Enzymes46
V. Acyl-HSL Stability in Natural Environments47
VI. Coevolution of Quorum-Sensing Bacteria with Hosts and Acyl-HSL-Degrading Bacteria50
VII. Conclusions51
References52
Chapter 3: Microbial Exoenzyme Production in Food59
I. Introduction59
II. Structure and Function of Exoenzymes62
III. Classification of Enzymes64
A. Lipases64
B. Proteases64
C. Carbohydrases65
D. Oxidoreductases65
IV. Enzyme Synthesis66
A. Regulation Mechanisms66
B. Important Inducers and Inhibitors67
C. Enzyme and Substrate Concentration68
D. Bacterial Growth68
E. Influence by Physical Environment68
V. Enzyme Activity75
VI. Conclusion and Future Prospects79
Acknowledgments81
References81
Chapter 4: Biogenetic Diversity of Cyanobacterial Metabolites89
I. Introduction89
II. Major Biosynthetic Routes in Cyanobacteria92
A. Polyketide Synthases92
B. Nonribosomal Peptide Synthetases95
C. Connecting Product Structures to Gene Sequences99
III. Polyketides101
A. Linear Polyketides102
B. Cyclic Polyketides107
IV. Cyanopeptides113
A. Introduction113
B. Classification and Nomenclature114
C. Linear Peptides115
D. Cyclic Peptides126
E. Cyclic Depsipeptides134
V. Alkaloids143
A. Linear Alkaloids144
B. Ring-Containing Alkaloids147
VI. Isoprenoids172
A. Carotenoids174
B. Terpenoids174
VII. Other Cyanobacterial Metabolites178
A. Proteins178
B. Aromatic Compounds179
C. Nonaromatic Compounds181
References182
Chapter 5: Pathways to Discovering New Microbial Metabolism for Functional Genomics and Biotechnolog219
I. Introduction219
II. Defining the Hypothesis That Most Metabolic Reactions Are Yet to be Discovered220
III. Organization of Existing Metabolic Information221
IV. Approaches for New Discovery224
V. Newly Discovered Microbial Metabolism225
A. Azetidine Ring-Opening Metabolism225
B. Arylboronic Acid Metabolism226
C. Thioamide Metabolism227
D. Organobismuth Metabolism228
VI. Significance of New Discoveries in Novel Functional Group Metabolism229
VII. Use of Recently Discovered Biocatalysis Industrially229
References230
Chapter 6: Biocatalysis by Dehalogenating Enzymes233
I. Introduction233
II. Halocarboxylic Acid Dehalogenases234
III. Haloalkane Dehalogenases238
A. Properties, Occurrence, and Mechanisms238
B. Enantioselectivity239
C. Trichloropropane Conversion239
IV. Halohydrin Dehalogenases240
A. Isolation, Properties, and Mechanism240
B. Biocatalytic Processes241
C. The use of Alternative Nucleophiles243
D. Engineering of Halohydrin Dehalogenases245
E. Halohydrin Dehalogenases in Tandem Reactions245
F. Statin Side-Chain Synthesis246
V. Conclusions247
References249
Chapter 7: Lipases from Extremophiles and Potential for Industrial Applications253
I. Introduction253
II. Lipases from Extreme Microorganisms255
A. Lipases from Psychrophiles (Cold Active Enzymes)257
B. Lipases from Thermophiles (Thermoactive Lipases)259
C. Lipases from Halotolerant/Halophilic Microorganisms (Salt-Tolerant Enzymes)264
III. Improving Lipases for Efficient Applications266
IV. Regio- and Stereospecificity of Lipases268
V. Applications of Lipases269
A. Medical Biotechnology270
B. Detergent Industry270
C. Organic Synthesis271
D. Biodiesel Production272
E. Agrochemical Industry273
F. Flavor and Aroma Industry273
G. Food Industry273
VI. Conclusions274
References275
Chapter 8: In Situ Bioremediation285
I. Introduction285
II. Unsaturated Zone Treatment Methods287
A. Natural Attenuation287
B. Enhanced Natural Attenuation290
III. Saturated Zone Treatment Methods292
A. Natural Attenuation292
B. Enhanced Aerobic Natural Attenuation295
C. Enhanced Anaerobic Natural Attenuation297
IV. Use of Inocula298
V. Monitoring Methods298
VI. Conclusions and Future Prospects300
Acknowledgment300
References301
Chapter 9: Bacterial Cycling of Methyl Halides307
I. Introduction308
A. Role of Methyl Halides in Atmospheric Chemistry and as Ozone-Depleting Compounds308
B. Biogeochemical Cycle of Monohalomethanes310
C. Anthropogenic Sources310
D. Natural Chemical Sources and Sinks311
E. Natural Biological Sources312
F. Natural Biological Sinks312
G. Stable Isotope Mass Balances and Fractionation313
II. Methyl Halide-Degrading Organisms315
A. Bacterial Degradation of Methyl Halides by Methanotrophs and Nitrifiers315
B. Diversity and Distribution of Bacteria Capable of Growth on Methyl Halides as a Carbon and Energy315
III. Biochemistry and Genetics of Methyl Halide Degradation320
A. Metabolism of Methyl Halides by Bacterial Isolates320
B. The CmuA Pathway of Methyl Halide Degradation in M. chloromethanicum Strain CM4321
C. Cloning and Sequencing of cmu Gene Clusters323
D. Mutational and Transcriptional Analysis of cmu Genes of H. chloromethanicum CM2326
E. Evidence for Operation of the CmuA Pathway in MeCl- and MeBr-Degrading Bacterial Isolates327
F. Alternative Methyl Halide Degradation Pathways328
IV. Microbial Ecology of Methyl Halide-Degrading Bacteria328
A. Development of Functional Gene Markers for CmuA Pathway Methylotrophs328
B. Stable Isotope Probing of Methyl Halide Degradation in Soils330
C. Marine Methyl Halide Degradation334
V. Potential Applications for Bioremediation Using Methyl Halide-Oxidizing Bacteria334
A. Reducing Fugitive MeBr Emissions334
B. Previous Efforts to Reduce MeBr Emissions335
C. Bioremediation Using Methyl Halide-Oxidizing Bacteria335
VI. Outlook338
A. Genomics of Methyl Halide-Degrading Bacteria338
B. Contribution of Alternative Pathways of Methyl Halide Degradation338
C. Evolutionary Aspects and Role of Methyl Halides as Substrates in the Environment339
Acknowledgments340
References340
Index347
Contents of Previous Volumes369

Book details

Vendor Elsevier S & T
SKU 9780120026630
ISBN-13 9780080488134

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Published since 1959, Advances in Applied Microbiology continues to be one of the most widely read and authoritative review sources in Microbiology.

The series contains comprehensive reviews of the most current research in applied microbiology. Recent areas covered include bacterial diversity in the human gut, protozoan grazing of freshwater biofilms, metals in yeast fermentation processes and the interpretation of host-pathogen dialogue through microarrays.

Eclectic volumes are supplemented by thematic volumes on various topics including Archaea and “Sick Building Syndrome. Impact factor for 2003: 1.893

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