Advances in Botanical Research: Rapeseed Breeding
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Table of contents
- Contentsv
- Contributors to Volume 45xi
- Prefacexiii
- Contents of Volumes 34-44xv
- Chapter 1: History, Origin, and Evolution1
- I. Introduction2
- II. Area and Production2
- III. History6
- IV. Origin and Evolution9
- A. B. campestris12
- B. B. napus15
- V. Conclusion17
- References17
- Chapter 2: Breeding Methods21
- I. Introduction22
- II. Breeding Objectives for Varietal Development24
- A. Genetic Resources26
- B. Sources of Creating New Genetic Variability27
- C. Induced Mutagenesis for Creating New Variability29
- III. Breeding Methods30
- A. Selection in Genetic Improvement for Yield in Cross- and Self-Pollinated Oilseed Brassicas30
- B. Hybridization and Pedigree Selection31
- C. Development of Commercial Hybrids32
- D. Commercial Hybrids in B. campestris33
- E. Self-Incompatibility and Hybrid Seed Production34
- F. Synthetic and Composite Varieties34
- G. Artificial Synthesis of Amphidiploids for Commercial Cultivation35
- H. Development of Herbicide-Tolerant Cultivars36
- I. Development of Alternaria Blight and Aphid-Resistant Cultivars37
- J. Breeding for Desirable Oil and Meal Quality38
- IV. Conclusion41
- References42
- Chapter 3: The Chronicles of Oil and Meal Quality Improvement in Oilseed Rape49
- I. Introduction50
- A. Oil Content51
- B. FA Profile52
- C. Protein Content53
- D. Glucosinolate Content55
- E. Seed Coat Colour59
- II. Genetic Control of Some Biochemical Constituents59
- A. Oil Content59
- B. Erucic Acid Content60
- C. Glucosinolate Content61
- D. Yellow Seed Coat64
- III. Techniques for Estimation of Biochemical Composition64
- IV. The Progress Towards Nutritional Quality Improvement in Rapeseed69
- A. Development of Genotypes with Oil Composition Modifications70
- B. Development of Low Glucosinolate Genotypes74
- C. Development of Double-Low Genotypes76
- V. Conclusion78
- Acknowledgment79
- References80
- Chapter 4: Development and Practical Use of DNA Markers99
- I. Introduction100
- II. Development and Use of DNA Markers101
- III. Molecular Aspects and Application of DNA Markers in Breeding for Important Agronomic Traits of104
- A. Cytoplasmic Male Sterility104
- B. Rfo Restorer Gene for CMS Ogu-INRA108
- C. Prediction of Hybrid Performance with the Use of Genetic Markers112
- D. Gene-Flow and Transgene Assessment113
- E. Testing of Candidate Variety114
- F. Pathogens and Abiotic Stress Resistance115
- G. Yellow-Seeded Genotypes117
- H. Dwarf Genotypes118
- IV. Seed Oil Content119
- V. Conclusion125
- Acknowledgments125
- References125
- Chapter 5: Self-Incompatibility139
- I. Introduction140
- II. Sequence Diversity of Multiple Alleles of the S-Locus Genes141
- III. Recognition Specificities of Interspecific.Pairs of S Haplotypes141
- IV. Genome Structure of the S Locus143
- V. Function of SLG in Self-Incompatibility145
- VI. Dominance Relationship of S Haplotypes145
- VII. Self-Compatibility Caused by Mutations in the S Locus146
- VIII. Other Genes Participating in Brassica Self-Incompatibility148
- IX. F1 Hybrid Breeding Using the Self-Incompatibility System149
- X. Conclusion150
- References150
- Chapter 6: Fingerprinting of Oilseed Rape Cultivars155
- I. Introduction156
- II. Fingerprinting Tools in Oilseed Brassicas Cultivar Identification158
- III. Biochemical Markers, Analysis of Isozymes, and Storage Proteins160
- IV. Molecular Techniques, Detection of Polymorphism on the Nucleic Acids Level161
- A. Sequencing161
- B. Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism162
- C. PCR and Other PCR-Based Techniques163
- V. Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism163
- A. SSR or Microsatellites164
- B. Single Nucleotide Polymorphism165
- VI. Molecular Marker Techniques: Application in Cultivar Identification in Oilseed Rape166
- VII. Conclusion169
- References169
- Chapter 7: Haploid and Doubled Haploid Technology181
- I. Introduction182
- II. Increasing Microspore Embryogenesis185
- III. Efficient Plant Regeneration from Microspore-Derived Embryos189
- IV. High Frequency Production of DH Plants194
- V. Determination of Ploidy Level198
- VI. Mutation and Selection for Rapeseed Improvement201
- VII. Conclusion205
- Acknowledgments207
- References208
- Chapter 8: Breeding for Apetalous Rape: Inheritance and Yield Physiology217
- I. Introduction218
- II. Origin of Apetalous Rapeseed218
- III. Effect of Environment on Apetalous Degree in Rape and Effect of Hormones on.Development of Flor222
- IV. Advantages of Apetalous Rape in Yield224
- V. Role of Petals in Spreading Diseases226
- VI. Floral Abnormalities and Inheritance of Floral Characters227
- VII. Conclusion228
- References228
- Chapter 9: Breeding Herbicide-Tolerant Oilseed Rape Cultivars233
- I. Introduction234
- II. Triazine-Tolerant Oilseed Rape237
- A. Sources of Triazine Tolerance Genes237
- B. Triazine Mechanism of Action238
- C. Genetics of Triazine Tolerance238
- D. Development of New Triazine-Tolerant Oilseed Rape Lines238
- E. Canadian Regulatory Approvals239
- F. Breeding Triazine-Tolerant Oilseed Rape Cultivars239
- G. Registration of Triazine-Tolerant Oilseed Rape Cultivars240
- H. Producer Adoption241
- I. Consumer Acceptance241
- J. Future of Triazine-Tolerant Oilseed Rape Breeding241
- III. Glufosinate-Tolerant Oilseed Rape241
- A. Sources of Glufosinate-Tolerant Genes242
- B. Glufosinate Mechanism of Action242
- C. Genetics of Glufosinate Tolerance242
- D. Development of New Glufosinate-Tolerant Oilseed Rape Lines243
- E. Canadian Regulatory Approvals244
- F. Breeding Glufosinate-Tolerant Oilseed Rape Cultivars245
- G. Registration of Glufosinate-Tolerant Oilseed Rape Cultivars246
- H. Producer Adoption247
- I. Consumer Acceptance247
- J. Future of Glufosinate-Tolerant Oilseed Rape Breeding247
- IV. Glyphosate-Tolerant Oilseed Rape248
- A. Sources of Glyphosate Tolerance Genes248
- B. Glyphosate Mechanism of Action248
- C. Genetics of Glyphosate Tolerance248
- D. Development of New Glyphosate-Tolerant Oilseed Rape Lines249
- E. Canadian Regulatory Approvals250
- F. Breeding Glyphosate-Tolerant Oilseed Rape Cultivars251
- G. Registration of New Glyphosate-Tolerant Oilseed Rape Cultivars252
- H. Producer Adoption252
- I. Consumer Acceptance253
- J. Future of Glyphosate-Tolerant Oilseed Rape Breeding253
- V. Imidazolinone-Tolerant Oilseed Rape253
- A. Source of Imidazolinone Tolerance Genes253
- B. Imidazolinone Mechanism of Action254
- C. Genetics of Imidazolinone Tolerance254
- D. Development of New Imidazolinone-Tolerant Oilseed Rape Lines255
- E. Canadian Regulatory Approvals255
- F. Breeding Imidazolinone-Tolerant Oilseed Rape Cultivars255
- G. Registration of Imidazolinone-Tolerant Oilseed Rape Cultivars256
- H. Producer Adoption257
- I. Consumer Acceptance257
- J. Future of Imidazolinone-Tolerant Oilseed Rape Breeding258
- VI. Bromoxynil-Tolerant Oilseed Rape258
- A. Sources of Bromoxynil Tolerance Genes258
- B. Bromoxynil Mechanism of Action258
- C. Genetics of Bromoxynil Tolerance259
- D. Development of New Bromoxynil-Tolerant Oilseed Rape Lines259
- E. Canadian Regulatory Approvals260
- F. Breeding Bromoxynil-Tolerant Oilseed Rape Cultivars260
- G. Registration of Bromoxynil-Tolerant Oilseed Rape Cultivars262
- H. Producer Adoption262
- I. Consumer Acceptance263
- J. Future of Bromoxynil-Tolerant Oilseed Rape Breeding263
- VII. Conclusion263
- References265
- Chapter 10: Breeding for Blackleg Resistance: The Biology and Epidemiology271
- I. Introduction272
- II. Host Range273
- III. Genome of the Species273
- IV. Impact of Blackleg Disease on Rapeseed/Canola Industry274
- A. Disease Symptoms275
- B. Disease Cycle275
- C. Disease Epidemiology277
- D. Disease Control278
- V. Species Complex: Two Species282
- A. Differentiation of Pathogen Isolates282
- VI. Pathogenicity Group, Its Distribution, and Application286
- VII. Population Genetic Diversity and Host Resistance287
- A. Sexual Recombination287
- B. Concept of Gene-For-Gene Hypothesis288
- C. Types of Resistance in Oilseed Rape289
- D. Genetic Studies and Molecular Mapping of Avirulence Genes290
- E. Race Structure of the L. maculans Isolates292
- F. "Cost of Fitness" in L. Maculans294
- G. Durable Resistance in Brassica Species295
- H. Durable Resistance in the Management of Blackleg Disease296
- VIII. Integrated Avirulence Management297
- A. Induced Resistance and Types297
- B. Avirulent Isolates: Triggering Sar298
- C. SAR in Brassica-Blackleg System298
- D. The Mechanisms of Induced Resistance in the Brassica-Blackleg System299
- IX. Conclusion300
- References300
- Chapter 11: Development of Alloplasmic Rape313
- I. Introduction314
- II. Interspecific Hybrids by In Vitro Technique of Isolated Embryo315
- III. Primary Species of Brassicas and Alloploids: Secondary Polyploids-Paleopolyploids315
- A. Allopolyploids in Brassica315
- IV. Methods of Development of Alloplasmatic Hybrids316
- V. Composition of B5 Gamborg Agar Medium (Some Ingredients Modified)318
- VI. Characteristics of Embryo Placed on Agar Medium with 10% C12H22O11319
- VII. Cytological Analysis of Hybrid Forms and DNA Analysis of Species Used for Crossings and Analysi324
- VIII. Practical Usage of Initial Materials Obtained from Interspecific Crossings within Brassica Gen327
- IX. Conclusion333
- Acknowledgments334
- References334
- Chapter 12: Honeybees and Rapeseed: A Pollinator-Plant Interaction337
- I. Pollination338
- A. Pollination Needs of Rapeseed339
- B. Floral Biology and Pollination Requirements of Rapeseed Crops342
- C. Pollination Behavior344
- D. Impact of Bee Pollination on Oilseed Crops345
- II. Insect Pollinators351
- A. Bees Can Discriminate Between Different Lines354
- B. Number of Colonies Required for Pollination355
- C. Pollination Recommendations355
- D. Problems Associated with Bee Pollination357
- III. Pesticide Application Practices to Reduce Bee Poisoning359
- IV. Conclusion360
- References360
- Chapter 13: Genetic Variation and Metabolism of Glucosinolates369
- I. Introduction370
- II. Chemical Structure of Glucosinolates, Names and Proposed Numbering System for Known Glucosinolat372
- III. Glucosinolate Biosynthesis374
- IV. Glucosinolate Stereo-Chemistry395
- V. Occurrence of Glucosinolates397
- VI. Specificity of Myrosinase Isoenzymes and Initial Transformation of Glucosinolates398
- VII. Glucosinolate Metabolism in Undamaged Plants, Autolysis Processes and In Vitro Systems399
- VIII. Perspectives: Cruciferous Plants (Rapeseed) as Chemical Factories402
- IX. Conclusion404
- Acknowledgment405
- References405
- Chapter 14: Mutagenesis: Generation and Evaluation of Induced Mutations417
- I. Introduction418
- A. Morphological Characters418
- B. Dwarfs419
- C. Flower Mutations419
- D. Siliqua Characters419
- E. Yellow Seed Coat420
- F. Insect Pest420
- II. Yield-Contributing Characters421
- III. Oil Quality and Fatty Acids421
- IV. In Vitro Culture and Mutagenesis422
- V. Molecular Basis of Mutations424
- A. Fatty Acids424
- B. Dwarfs425
- VI. Conclusion428
- References428
- Chapter 15: Rapeseed Biotechnology435
- I. Introduction436
- II. Organogenesis436
- III. Somatic Embryogenesis437
- A. Microspore Culture and Doubled Haploids437
- B. Factors Affecting Microspore Culture438
- C. Production of Doubled Haploids438
- IV. Somatic Hybridization439
- V. Induced Mutations440
- VI. Somaclonal Variation441
- VII. Molecular Markers and Their Use441
- VIII. Transformation442
- IX. Conclusion443
- References444
- Chapter 16: Oilseed Rape: Co-existence and Gene Flow from Wild Species451
- I. Introduction452
- II. Intraspecific Transfer of Genes: Factors Affecting Coexistence453
- A. Pollen Dispersal453
- B. Seed Dispersal454
- III. Interspecific and Intergeneric Gene Transfer455
- A. B. napus-B. rapa456
- B. B. Napus-R. Raphanistrum459
- C. B. napus-S. arvensis459
- D. B. napus-H. incana460
- IV. Conclusion460
- References460
- Chapter 17: Evaluation, Maintenance, and Conservation of Germplasm465
- I. Introduction466
- II. Germplasm Characterization and Evaluation470
- III. Germplasm Maintenance and Conservation471
- IV. Germplasm Registration475
- V. Germplasm Utilization475
- VI. Conclusion475
- References481
- Chapter 18: Oil Technology483
- I. Introduction484
- II. Pretreatment485
- III. Dehulling490
- IV. Preconditioning492
- V. Flaking492
- VI. Cooking493
- VII. Pressing495
- VIII. Oil Extraction in Small- and Medium-Sized Facilities497
- IX. Extraction by Solvent498
- X. Enzyme Pretreatment502
- XI. Separation of Solvent and Oil503
- XII. Toasting of the Meal504
- XIII. Other Extraction Methods504
- XIV. Purification of the Crude Oil505
- XV. Cold Pressed Oils505
- XVI. Degumming508
- XVII. Alkali and Physical Refining510
- XVIII. Alkali Refining511
- XIX. Physical Refining512
- XX. Bleaching513
- XXI. Deodorization515
- XXII. Effect of Refining on Contaminants519
- XXIII. Modification of Rapeseed Oil520
- XXIV. Winterization521
- XXV. Interesterification522
- XXVI. Hydrogenation523
- XXVII. Conclusion525
- References526
- Author Index529
- Subject Index543
Rapeseed is an important oilseed crop belonging to Crucifereae family and grown in subtropical to temperate climate. Recent discoveries have caused the scientific community to respond positively by directing a greater amount of research towards increasing production and improving the quality of rapeseed oil. Today, the annual worldwide production is approximately 7.5 million tons on 4 million acres. Canola ranks 5th in the production of world's oilseed crops following soybean, sunflower, groundnut and cottonseed.
Rapeseed Breeding fully explains the miraculous discoveries about the genetic material which have contributed to the growth of this important crop. With contributions from world-renowned researchers from North America, Europe, Asia, and Australia, this book provides the first scientific reference for scientists interested in the further exploitation of this important crop.
* Presents history, origin and evolution, breeding methods, practical applications of DNA markers, fingerprinting of cultivars, and conservation of rapeseed germplasm
* Includes detail of different breeding purposes including breeding for improved oil and meal quality, breeding for winter hardiness, breeding for herbicides, and breeding for hybrid rape.
* Provides analysis of ecology, usage, degeneration and application
Rapeseed Breeding fully explains the miraculous discoveries about the genetic material which have contributed to the growth of this important crop. With contributions from world-renowned researchers from North America, Europe, Asia, and Australia, this book provides the first scientific reference for scientists interested in the further exploitation of this important crop.
* Presents history, origin and evolution, breeding methods, practical applications of DNA markers, fingerprinting of cultivars, and conservation of rapeseed germplasm
* Includes detail of different breeding purposes including breeding for improved oil and meal quality, breeding for winter hardiness, breeding for herbicides, and breeding for hybrid rape.
* Provides analysis of ecology, usage, degeneration and application