Air Bubble Entrainment in Free-Surface Turbulent Shear Flows
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Table of contents
- Air Bubble Entrainment in Free-surface Turbulent Shear Flowsiii
- Copyright Pageiv
- Table of Contentsvii
- Dédicacev
- Abstract / Résuméxv
- Album of 'white water' photographsPlate 1
- Acknowledgementsxvii
- About the authorxviii
- List of symbolsxix
- Glossaryxxxi
- PART I: INTRODUCTION1
- Chapter 1. Introduction2
- 1.1 Presentation2
- 1.2 Applications of air-water flows8
- 1.3 Bibliography15
- 1.4 Structure of the monograph16
- Chapter 2. Mechanisms of air bubble entrainment17
- 2.1 Introduction17
- 2.2 Mechanisms of air entrainment17
- 2.3 High-velocity air-water flows21
- 2.4. Definition of the air-water 'free-surface'22
- 2.5 Compressibility effects in high-velocity air-water flows24
- 2.6 Summary26
- Chapter 3. Similitude and experimental studies27
- 3.1 Introduction27
- 3.2 Dimensional analysis27
- 3.3 Experimental studies of high-velocity air-water flows30
- Chapter 4. Air-water gas transfer36
- 4.1 Introduction36
- 4.2 Basic equations36
- 4.3 Bibliography37
- 4.4 Interactions between air entrainment and water quality39
- PART II: PLUNGING JET ENTRAINMENT43
- Chapter 5. Plunging jet flows: presentation44
- 5.1 Introduction44
- 5.2 Mechanisms of air entrainment and inflow conditions44
- 5.3 Air bubble diffusion48
- Chapter 6. Air entrainment by plunging jets53
- 6.1 Introduction53
- 6.2 Air entrainment mechanisms - quantity of entrained air58
- 6.3 Flow pattern of the air-water shear region61
- 6.4 Air-water flow properties in the developing flow region62
- 6.5 Fully-developed air-water shear flow68
- 6.6 Discussion71
- Chapter 7. Air entrainment in hydraulic jumps73
- 7.1 Introduction73
- 7.2 Flow patterns78
- 7.3 Quantity of entrained air79
- 7.4 Air bubble diffusion83
- 7.5 Discussion89
- 7.6 Summary92
- Chapter 8. Air entrainment in plunging jet flows: related cases and gas transfer93
- 8.1 Introduction93
- 8.2 Air entrainment in siphon spillways93
- 8.3 Nappe flow regime96
- 8.4 Air-water gas transfer98
- PART III: SELF-AERATED OPEN CHANNEL FLOWS103
- Chapter 9. Self-aerated flows - presentation104
- 9.1 Introduction104
- 9.2 Historical investigations104
- 9.3 Structure of the air-water flow106
- 9.4 Definitions107
- Chapter 10. Air entrainment in steep chute flows110
- 10.1 Introduction110
- 10.2 Non-aerated developing flow region111
- 10.3 Uniform equilibrium flows115
- 10.4 Gradually-varied flows127
- 10.5 Discussion130
- Chapter 11. Air entrainment in small-slope waterways133
- 11.1 Introduction133
- 11.2 Developing flow region133
- 11.3 Fully-developed flow region138
- 11.4 Discussion140
- 11.5 Summary142
- Chapter 12. Air entrainment in partially-filled conduits144
- 12.1 Introduction144
- 12.2 Re-analysis of existing data146
- 12.3 Discussion149
- Chapter 13. Air entrainment in open channels: discussion153
- 13.1 Introduction153
- 13.2 Self-aeration in rough channels153
- 13.3 Air-water interface area in self-aerated flows156
- 13.4 Air-water gas transfer on smooth chutes161
- PART IV: HIGH-VELOCITY WATER JETS AND RELATED AIR-WATER FLOWS165
- Chapter 14. Introduction to high-velocity water jets discharging into the atmosphere and ventilated166
- 14.1 Presentation166
- 14.2 Bibliography168
- 14.3 Flow patterns of water jets discharging into air168
- Chapter 15. Air entrainment in high-velocity water jets174
- 15.1 Introduction174
- 15.2 Air bubble entrainment174
- 15.3 Velocity distributions183
- 15.4 Discussion185
- Chapter 16. Ventilated cavity flows189
- 16.1 Presentation189
- 16.2 Ventilated cavity flows189
- 16.3 Discussion: related cases198
- Chapter 17. Spillway application: aeration devices200
- 17.1 Introduction200
- 17.2 Aeration mechanisms and flow regions204
- 17.3 Downstream flow region212
- 17.4 Discussion213
- PART V: SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION215
- Chapter 18. Summary: air bubble diffusion in shear flows216
- 18.1 Introduction216
- 18.2 Flow characteristics218
- 18.3 Interactions between turbulence and air bubbles224
- 18.4 Analogy with other particle/turbulence interaction phenomena230
- 18.5 Summary233
- Chapter 19. Conclusion235
- 19.1 Summary235
- 19.2 Fundamental results236
- 19.3 Air bubble diffusion237
- 19.4 Air-water flow characteristics237
- 19.5 Future research238
- References239
- APPENDICES263
- Appendix A. Constants and fluid properties263
- Appendix B. Unit conversions271
- Appendix C. Bubble rise velocity274
- Appendix D. Sound celerity in two-phase (gas-liquid) flow278
- Appendix E. Air bubble diffusion at plunging water jets281
- Appendix F. Characteristic parameters of a boundary layer289
- Appendix G. Air concentration distributions in self-aerated flows293
- Appendix H. Air-water flow in partially-filled pipes304
- Appendix I. Air concentration distributions in water jets discharging into the atmosphere307
- Appendix J. Jet trajectory calculations316
- Appendix K. Air bubble size distribution characteristics323
- Appendix L. Air-water flow as recounted by LEONARDO DA VINCI327
- Appendix M. Corrections330
- Index of authors333
- Subject index339
This book develops an analysis of the air entrainment processes in free-surface flows. These flows are investigated as homogeneous mixtures with variable density. Several types of air-water free-surface flows are studied: plunging jet flows, open channel flows, and turbulent water jets discharging into air. Experimental observations reported by the author confirm the concept that the air-water mixture behaves as a homogeneous compressible fluid in each case. This book will be of great interest to professionals working in many fields of engineering: chemical, civil, environmental, mechanical, mining, metallurgy, and nuclear.
Key Features
* Covers new information on the air-water flow field: air bubble distributions, air-water velocity profiles, air bubble sizes and bubble-turbulence interactions
* Features new analysis is developed for each flow configuration and compared successfully with model and prototype data
* Includes over 372 references and more than 170 figures with over 60 photographs
* Presents useful information for design engineers and research-and-development scientists who require a better understanding of the fluid mechanics of air-water flows
Key Features
* Covers new information on the air-water flow field: air bubble distributions, air-water velocity profiles, air bubble sizes and bubble-turbulence interactions
* Features new analysis is developed for each flow configuration and compared successfully with model and prototype data
* Includes over 372 references and more than 170 figures with over 60 photographs
* Presents useful information for design engineers and research-and-development scientists who require a better understanding of the fluid mechanics of air-water flows