Elsevier S & T

An Introduction to Aspects of Thermodynamics and Kinetics Relevant to Materials Science: 3rd Edition

Machlin, Eugene

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Table of contents
  • Copyright Pageiv
  • Contentsv
  • Preface to Third Editionxv
  • Chapter I: Thermodynamics of Phases having Constant Composition1
  • Introduction1
  • 1. Thermodynamic potentials3
  • 1.1. Energy3
  • 1.2. Entropy6
  • 2. Polymorphism11
  • 2.1. Phase transitions on varying the temperature11
  • 2.2. Phase transitions on varying the pressure14
  • 2.3. P–T phase diagram15
  • 2.4. Effect of magnetic entropy on polymorphic transitions18
  • 2.5. Melting transition in hard sphere system19
  • 2.6. Polymorphs of a 2D system21
  • 2.7. Disordered, short-ranged-ordered and long-range-ordered solid solutions of invariant compositio24
  • 2.8. Polymorphism in oligomers and polymers31
  • 3. Summary45
  • Appendix 146
  • Appendix 249
  • Appendix 352
  • Appendix 453
  • References55
  • Bibliography57
  • Problems61
  • Chapter II: Thermodynamics of Solid Solutions63
  • Introduction63
  • 1. Random solutions in binary systems63
  • 1.1. Free energy of a random binary solution63
  • 1.2. Free energy of a mixture of solutions65
  • 1.3. Phase boundary compositions corresponding to miscibility gap compositions of a random binary so67
  • 1.4. Regular solutions70
  • 1.5. Equilibrium between terminal solutions of different crystal structure71
  • 2. Non-random binary solid solutions73
  • 2.1. Positional entropy or entropy of mixing73
  • 2.2. Other contributions to the entropy of solution74
  • 3. Concept of strain energy in solid solutions74
  • 3.1. Metallic alloys74
  • 3.2. Semiconductor alloys77
  • 4. Factors other than atomic size deviation that affect the enthalpy and entropy of solid solutions78
  • 5. Activity and activity coefficient of solutions80
  • 6. Polymer alloys81
  • 7. Equilibrium in a stressed solid82
  • 8. Remarks about liquid solutions84
  • 9. Hard sphere fluid in a cell model84
  • 10. Summary87
  • Appendix 187
  • References88
  • Bibliography89
  • Problems90
  • Chapter III: Free Energy and Phase Diagrams91
  • Introduction91
  • A. Free Energy and Phase Diagrams – Binary Systems91
  • 1. Solid–liquid equilibria91
  • 2. Origin of eutectic phase diagram in isomorphic systems96
  • 3. Solid–solid equilibria equivalent to the solid–liquid case98
  • 4. Intermediate phases99
  • 5. Metastability102
  • 6. Temperature dependence of free energy–composition curves and phase diagrams103
  • 7. Prediction of phase diagrams105
  • 8. Coherent equilibrium109
  • 9. Summary for Section A110
  • B. Heterogeneous Chemical Equilibria and Phase Diagrams110
  • 1. Thermodynamics of heterogeneous chemical reactions110
  • References114
  • Bibliography115
  • Problems115
  • Chapter IV: Thermodynamics of Interfaces117
  • Introduction117
  • 1. Concept of surface quantities117
  • 2. An approximate model for evaluating the surface energy118
  • 2.1. Wulff plot of surface energy118
  • 3. Surface reconstruction120
  • 4. Some particle size effects121
  • 4.1. Effect of particle size on difference in pressure between a small spherical isotropic solid and121
  • 4.2. Effect of particle size on difference in pressure between a crystal particle that develops surf122
  • 4.3. Dependence of equilibrium vapor pressure on particle size122
  • 4.4. Dependence of solvus composition on precipitate particle size124
  • 5. Adsorption127
  • 5.1. Gibbs' adsorption127
  • 5.2. Guggenheim's pseudo-thermodynamic model of an interface phase129
  • 5.3. Other adsorption isotherms133
  • 6. Surface stress134
  • 7. Surface energies or solid–gas and liquid–gas interface energies135
  • 8. Solid–liquid interfaces137
  • 9. Solid–solid interfaces138
  • 9.1. Grain boundaries138
  • 9.2. Interphase interfaces142
  • 9.3. Local equilibrium at grain boundary intersections144
  • 10. Diffuse interfaces146
  • 11. Methods of measuring interface energies149
  • 12. Pseudomorphic stabilization of metastable phases in thin films150
  • 13. Wetting transition152
  • 14. Soft matter interfaces155
  • References155
  • Bibliography156
  • Problems157
  • Chapter V: Heterophase and Homophase Fluctuations159
  • Introduction159
  • 1. Heterophase fluctuations159
  • 1.1. Heterogeneous distributions of heterophase fluctuations164
  • 1.2. Effect of stress on fluctuation probability and embryo shape167
  • 2. Homophase fluctuations of composition in a metastable homogeneous phase170
  • 3. Spinodals and their relationship to mode of metastable phase decomposition176
  • 4. Easy embryo formers in stable host phases176
  • Appendix 1180
  • References181
  • Bibliography182
  • Problems182
  • Chapter VI: Thermodynamics of Defects185
  • Introduction185
  • 1. Monatomic solids185
  • 1.1. Point defects185
  • 1.2. Electronic defects189
  • 2. Compounds194
  • 2.1. Defects in stoichiometric compounds194
  • 2.2. Non-stoichiometric compounds196
  • 3. Comparison of defects in metals, semiconductors and ionic crystals203
  • 4. Average free energy of defects203
  • References204
  • Bibliography204
  • Problems204
  • Chapter VII: Concepts in Kinetics in Solids207
  • Introduction207
  • 1. Activation energy207
  • 2. Computer assisted methods in kinetics212
  • 3. Competing processes214
  • 4. Thermodynamic theory of irreversible processes215
  • 5. Computer simulation methods219
  • 5.1. Monte Carlo219
  • 5.2. Molecular dynamics221
  • 5.3. Phase field221
  • 5.4. Level set222
  • References222
  • Bibliography223
  • Problems223
  • Chapter VIII: Diffusion225
  • Introduction225
  • 1. Phenomenological basis225
  • 1.1. Intrinsic diffusivities225
  • 1.2. Chemical diffusivity229
  • 1.3. Darken's relations232
  • 1.4. Additional driving forces233
  • 1.5. Applications of phenomenological equations of irreversible thermodynamics to ionic crystals234
  • 2. Mechanisms of diffusion234
  • 2.1. Metals235
  • 2.2. Ionic crystals242
  • 2.3. Semiconductors245
  • 3. Nernst–Einstein relation245
  • 4. Empirical rules247
  • 5. Solutions to diffusion equations247
  • 6. High diffusivity regions in solids248
  • 6.1. Models for evaluating the grain boundary diffusivity249
  • 6.2. Mechanism of diffusion along grain boundaries251
  • 6.3. Empirical results251
  • 6.4. Electromigration along grain boundaries252
  • 7. Computer assistance in solving diffusion problems252
  • 8. Polymer diffusion254
  • Appendix 1257
  • References259
  • Bibliography260
  • Problems261
  • Chapter IX: Nucleation and Growth Kinetics263
  • Introduction263
  • 1. Rate of heterophase nucleation263
  • 1.1. Homogeneous nucleation theory and its experimental verification263
  • 1.2. Heterogeneous nucleation270
  • 2. Spinodal decomposition271
  • 3. Nucleation at high supersaturation but not beyond spinodal274
  • 3.1. DFT and nucleation276
  • 4. Growth from nucleation onwards281
  • 5. Summary284
  • References285
  • Bibliography286
  • Problems287
  • Chapter X: Solid–Solid Interface Migration Kinetics289
  • Introduction289
  • 1. Driving forces for recrystallization and grain growth289
  • 2. Growth laws for pure materials292
  • 2.1. Primary recrystallization292
  • 2.2. Secondary recrystallization or abnormal grain growth295
  • 2.3. Grain growth296
  • 2.4. A/α solid phase epitaxy298
  • 3. Effect of dispersed particles on grain boundary migration298
  • 4. Grain boundary mobility299
  • 5. Mechanisms of interface migration303
  • 5.1. Grain boundaries303
  • 5.2. Boundaries between different phases307
  • 5.3. Effect of interface roughness on migration mechanism309
  • 5.4. Effect of solute on boundary mobility310
  • 6. Summary315
  • References315
  • Bibliography317
  • Problems318
  • Chapter XI: Growth of Phases: Diffusion or Interface Reaction Control319
  • Introduction319
  • 1. Diffusion couple (alpha/beta), no intermediate phase319
  • 1.1. Components have equal molar volumes319
  • 1.2. Components have unequal partial molar volumes321
  • 2. Diffusion couple (alpha/beta) with intermediate phase, incoherent interfaces and at constant mola322
  • 2.1. One intermediate phase322
  • 2.2. Many possible intermediate phases330
  • 2.3. Amorphous intermediate phase333
  • 3. Growth involving interface migration333
  • 3.1. Continuous precipitation333
  • 3.2. Diffusion-induced grain boundary migration344
  • 4. Solidification346
  • 4.1. Pure materials346
  • 4.2. Multicomponent systems347
  • 5. Physical vapor deposition354
  • 6. Chemical vapor deposition358
  • 7. Sintering359
  • 8. Summary361
  • References361
  • Bibliography363
  • Chapter XII: Morphological Instability and Growth of Phases365
  • Introduction365
  • 1. Morphological instability365
  • 1.1. Basis for morphological instability at a reaction front365
  • 1.2. Liquid–solid interface (solidification)367
  • 1.3. Vapor–solid interface372
  • 1.4. Solid–solid interface376
  • 2. Dendritic solidification377
  • 2.1. Pure materials377
  • 2.2. Multicomponent materials384
  • 3. Eutectic solidification387
  • 4. Summary396
  • References397
  • Bibliography398
  • Chapter XIII: Thermodynamics, Kinetics and Patterns399
  • 1. Spatial periodic patterns having a thermodynamic origin399
  • 1.1. Dipole patterns400
  • 1.2. Modulated surface patterns404
  • 1.3. Short-range repulsion405
  • 1.4. Bulk matter406
  • 2. Spatial periodic patterns far from equilibrium410
  • 2.1. Dissipative crystals410
  • Appendix 1422
  • References423
  • Chapter XIV: Thermodynamics of Micelles425
  • 1. Micelles425
  • 1.1. Nucleation of micelles425
  • 2. Characteristics of micelles430
  • 2.1. Total free energy per unit volume of system430
  • 2.2. Are micelles phases?431
  • 2.3. The critical micelle concentration432
  • 2.4. Contrasting nucleation of heterophases and micelles435
  • 2.5. What factor(s) control the shape of micelles?435
  • 2.6. Equilibrium size distribution of micelles and their coexistence440
  • 3. Vesicles444
  • 3.1. Bilayer disk to vesicle transition444
  • 4. Phase equilibria of micellar aggregates449
  • References453
  • Index455
  • A455
  • B455
  • C455
  • D456
  • E456
  • F457
  • G457
  • H457
  • I458
  • J458
  • K458
  • L458
  • M458
  • N459
  • O459
  • P459
  • R459
  • S460
  • T460
  • U461
  • V461
  • W461
  • Z461
Book details
  • Vendor Elsevier S & T
  • SKU 9780080466156
  • ISBN-13 9780080549682
  • Author Machlin, Eugene
  • Edition 3rd
  • Category Technology & Engineering
  • Subject Materials Science

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Description eBook delivery & access Reviews
This book is based on a set of notes developed over many years for an introductory course taught to seniors and entering graduate students in materials science. An Introduction to Aspects of Thermodynamics and Kinetics Relevant to Materials Science is about the application of thermodynamics and kinetics to solve problems within Materials Science. Emphasis is to provide a physical understanding of the phenomenon under discussion, with the mathematics presented as a guide.
The problems are used to provide practice in quantitative application of principles, and also to give examples of applications of the general subject matter to problems having current interest and to emphasize the important physical concepts.
End of chapter problems are included, as are references, and bibliography to reinforce the text. This book provides students with the theory and mathematics to understand the important physical understanding of phenomena.

* Based on a set of notes developed over many years for an introductory course taught to seniors and entering graduate students in materials science
* Provides students with the theory and mathematics to understand the important physical understanding of phenomena
* Includes end of chapter problems, references, and bibliography to reinforce the text