Analysis and Fate of Surfactants in the Aquatic Environment
Regular price
227.500 KD
inc. VAT
Couldn't load pickup availability
Table of contents
- Cover
- Contentsxi
- Series Editor's Prefacexxi
- Editor's Prefacexxiii
- Forewordxxvii
- Chapter 1. Surfactants: properties, production and environmental aspects1
- 1.1 Introduction: from soap to modern surfactants1
- 1.2 General properties of surfactants3
- 1.3 Production rates and use of relevant surfactants10
- 1.4 Raw materials19
- 1.5 Synthesis of surfactants29
- 1.6 Analysis of surfactants and their degradation products33
- 1.7 Fate of surfactants and environmental problems36
- 1.8 Conclusion44
- References45
- Chapter 2. Separation and detection51
- 2.1 GC and GC–MS determination of surfactants51
- 2.2 Capillary electrophoresis in surfactant analysis77
- 2.3 LC determination using conventional detectors89
- 2.4 Atmospheric pressure ionisation mass spectrometry„I. General aspects115
- 2.5 Atmospheric pressure ionisation mass spectrometry„II. Flow injection analysis„mass and tande123
- 2.6 Atmospheric pressure ionisation mass spectrometry„III. Non-ionic surfactants: LC…MS and LC…M163
- 2.7 Atmospheric pressure ionisation mass spectrometry„IV. Non-ionic surfactants: LC…MS of alkyl p191
- 2.8 Atmospheric pressure ionisation mass spectrometry„V. Non-ionic surfactants: Flow injection ana205
- 2.9 Atmospheric pressure ionisation mass spectrometry„VI. Non-ionic surfactants LC…MS of other no227
- 2.10 Atmospheric pressure ionisation mass spectrometry„VII. Anionic surfactants: LC…MS of alkylbe289
- 2.11 Atmospheric pressure ionisation mass spectrometry„VIII. Anionic surfactants: LC…MS of other305
- 2.12 Atmospheric pressure ionisation mass spectrometry„IX. LC…MS analyses of cationic surfactants353
- 2.13 Atmospheric pressure ionisation mass spectrometry„X. LC„MS of amphoteric surfactants385
- Chapter 3. Sample handling393
- 3.1 Sampling and sample treatment for surfactant analysis in water393
- 3.2 Methods for the sample handling of non-ionic surfactants in sludges and sediments415
- 3.3 Sample handling for the determination of surfactants in biota429
- Chapter 4. Quantification and quality assurance in surfactant analysis443
- 4.1 Introduction443
- 4.2 Reference compounds in quantification of surfactants, their metabolites and reaction by-products447
- 4.3 Advantages and limitations in surfactant quantification by liquid chromatography-mass spectromet473
- 4.4 Stability of surfactants in post-sampling storage495
- 4.5 Interlaboratory studies for the determination of surfactants509
- Chapter 5. Environmental processes525
- 5.1 Aerobic biodegradation of surfactants525
- 5.2 Anaerobic biodegradation of surfactants577
- 5.3 Biodegradation of linear alkylbenzene sulfonates in the marine environment591
- 5.4 Surfactant sorption on natural sediments607
- 5.5 Fate of organosilicone surfactants627
- Chapter 6. Occurrence of surfactants in the environment655
- 6.1 Concentrations of surfactants in wastewater treatment plants655
- 6.2 Occurrence of surfactants in surface waters and freshwater sediments„I. Alkylphenol ethoxylate675
- 6.3 Occurrence of surfactants in surface waters and freshwater sediments„II. Linear alkylbenzene s695
- 6.4 Non-ionic surfactants in marine and estuarine environments719
- 6.5 Anionic surfactants in marine and estuarine environments749
- 6.6 Surfactants in drinking water occurrence and treatment763
- 6.7 Occurrence and fate of surfactants in soil, subsoil, and groundwater787
- Chapter 7. Toxicity of surfactants827
- 7.1 Toxicity of surfactants for aquatic life827
- 7.2 Bioconcentration869
- 7.3 Estrogenicity of surfactants887
- 7.4 Risk assessment of surfactants913
- Chapter 8. Recommendations and future trends927
- 8.1 Monitoring927
- 8.2 Analytical aspects929
- 8.3 Legislative regulations force action930
- 8.4 Final remarks and perspectives of a continuously changing market934
- Glossary937
- Index943
An understanding of the fate and behaviour of organic chemicals, such as surfactants, in the environment is a prerequisite for the sustainable development of human health and ecosystems. As surfactants are being produced in huge amounts, it is important to have a detailed knowledge about their lifetime in the environment, their biodegradability in wastewater treatment plants and in natural waters, and their ecotoxicity. Parameters relevant for the assessment of long-term behaviour, such as interactions with hormonal systems need to be understood to avoid unexpected adverse effects to future generations of people and the environment. However, the identification and quantification of commercial surfactants in the environment is made more complicated and cumbersome because they comprise of tens to hundreds of homologues, oligomers and isomers of anionic, nonionic, cationic and amphoteric compounds.
The EU-funded PRISTINE project (Priority surfactants and their toxic metabolites in wastewater effluents: An integrated study; ENV4-CT97-0494) provides the basis for the content of this title. It provides policy makers and industry with detailed information on analysis and concentrations of surfactants and their degradation products in the environment.
In addition to a general introduction to surfactants, this book comprises a comprehensive variety of analytical techniques, including sample handling, for the analysis of surfactants in the aquatic environment. Readers will find all the necessary information for analyzing the different groups of surfactants, with special emphasis on transformation products. Quality assurance is also reported on in detail. Chapters on toxicity and risk assessment are also included and give a complete perspective on the surfactants problem in the aquatic environment.
· Presents the finding of EU-funded research into fate and behaviour of organic chemicals in the environment
· Comprises a comprehensive variety of analytical techniques, including sample handling, for the analysis of surfactants in the aquatic environment
· Provides relevant information to all groups working in the field of surfactants
The EU-funded PRISTINE project (Priority surfactants and their toxic metabolites in wastewater effluents: An integrated study; ENV4-CT97-0494) provides the basis for the content of this title. It provides policy makers and industry with detailed information on analysis and concentrations of surfactants and their degradation products in the environment.
In addition to a general introduction to surfactants, this book comprises a comprehensive variety of analytical techniques, including sample handling, for the analysis of surfactants in the aquatic environment. Readers will find all the necessary information for analyzing the different groups of surfactants, with special emphasis on transformation products. Quality assurance is also reported on in detail. Chapters on toxicity and risk assessment are also included and give a complete perspective on the surfactants problem in the aquatic environment.
· Presents the finding of EU-funded research into fate and behaviour of organic chemicals in the environment
· Comprises a comprehensive variety of analytical techniques, including sample handling, for the analysis of surfactants in the aquatic environment
· Provides relevant information to all groups working in the field of surfactants