Elsevier S & T

Analysis, Removal, Effects and Risk of Pharmaceuticals in the Water Cycle: Occurrence and Transformation in the Environment

Petrovic, Mira

In stock
No reviews
107.250 KD inc. VAT
License
Table of contents
  • Cover
  • Copyright pageii
  • Contributors to Volume 50vii
  • Volumes in the Seriesxi
  • Contentsxv
  • Editor’s Prefacexxv
  • Series Editor’s Prefacexxix
  • Glossary of Acronyms and Abbreviationsxxxi
  • Chapter 1. Pharmaceuticals in the environment: sources and their management1
  • 1.1. Introduction1
  • 1.2. Sources and Pathways for Pharmaceuticals to the Environment10
  • 1.3. Means for Minimizing these Sources (e.g., Pollution Prevention)35
  • 1.4. Summary49
  • Notice49
  • References49
  • Chapter 2: Analysis of Pharmaceuticals as Environmental Contaminants59
  • Chapter 2.1. Analysis of antibiotics in aqueous samples61
  • 2.1.1. Introduction61
  • 2.1.2. Sample Preparation68
  • 2.1.3. Quantitative Analytical Methods71
  • 2.1.4. Conclusions89
  • Acknowledgements90
  • References90
  • Chapter 2.2. Analysis of antibiotics in solid samples95
  • 2.2.1. Introduction95
  • 2.2.2. Classification of Antibiotics97
  • 2.2.3. Physicochemical Properties of Antibiotics97
  • 2.2.4. Antibiotic Extraction in Solid Matrices101
  • 2.2.5. Sample Cleanup and Concentration109
  • 2.2.6. Sample Separation and Detection111
  • 2.2.7. Application of LC/MS for Quantifying Antibiotics in the Environment115
  • 2.2.8. Fate and Transport of Antibiotics in Solid Matrices120
  • 2.2.9. Conclusion123
  • References124
  • Chapter 2.3. Analysis of neutral and acidic pharmaceuticals by liquid chromatography mass spectromet133
  • 2.3.1. Introduction133
  • 2.3.2. Analytical Techniques138
  • 2.3.3. Conclusions153
  • References154
  • Chapter 2.4. Multi-residue analysis of pharmaceuticals using LC-tandem MS and LC-hybrid MS157
  • 2.4.1. Introduction157
  • 2.4.2. Simultaneous Extraction of Multi-Class Pharmaceuticals from Aqueous Samples158
  • 2.4.3. Chromatographic Separation163
  • 2.4.4. Mass Spectrometric Analysis using Tandem MS164
  • 2.4.5. Mass Spectrometric Analysis using Hybrid MS170
  • 2.4.6. Pitfalls in LC-MS Analysis of Pharmaceuticals in Complex Environmental Samples175
  • 2.4.7. Outlook180
  • Acknowledgements180
  • References181
  • Chapter 2.5. Analysis of acidic drugs by gas chromatography185
  • 2.5.1. Introduction185
  • 2.5.2. Preliminary Treatment187
  • 2.5.3. Extraction/Preconcentration189
  • 2.5.4. Clean-Up202
  • 2.5.5. Derivatisation203
  • 2.5.6. GC separation and Determination212
  • 2.5.7. Conclusions213
  • References214
  • Chapter 2.6. Analysis of steroid estrogens in the environment219
  • 2.6.1. Introduction219
  • 2.6.2. Analysis225
  • 2.6.3. Conclusions257
  • References258
  • Chapter 2.7. Analysis of Iodinated X-ray contrast media265
  • 2.7.1. Introduction265
  • 2.7.2. Adsorbable Organic Bound Iodine (AOI)267
  • 2.7.3. Liquid Chromatography-Tandem mass Spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS) and AOI269
  • 2.7.4. Selective Detection of Organic Bound Iodine (LC-ESI-IISF-MS), LC-ESI-MS/MS, and AOI272
  • References277
  • Chapter 2.8. Application of bioassays/biosensors for the analysis of pharmaceuticals in environmenta279
  • 2.8.1. Introduction279
  • 2.8.2. Bioassays284
  • 2.8.3. Biochemical Assays291
  • 2.8.4. Biosensors303
  • Acknowledgments324
  • References324
  • Chapter 3: Fate and Occurrence of Pharmaceuticals in the Water Cycle335
  • Chapter 3.1. Occurrence of pharmaceuticals in the aqueous environment337
  • 3.1.1. Introduction337
  • 3.1.2. Surface Water338
  • 3.1.3. Groundwater348
  • 3.1.4. Wastewater349
  • 3.1.5. Drinking Water354
  • 3.1.6. Summary356
  • References356
  • Chapter 3.2. Transformation of pharmaceuticals in the environment: Photolysis and other abiotic proc361
  • 3.2.1. Introduction361
  • 3.2.2. Photolysis in the Environment365
  • 3.2.3. Photostability and Phototoxicity of Pharmaceutical Compounds370
  • 3.2.4. Direct and Indirect Photolysis of Pharmaceutical Compounds in Aquatic Systems371
  • 3.2.5. Role of pH378
  • 3.2.6. Importance of Product Identification380
  • 3.2.7. Other Abiotic Transformations381
  • 3.2.8. Field Studies382
  • Acknowledgments382
  • References383
  • Chapter 3.3. Ecotoxicity of pharmaceuticals387
  • 3.3.1. Introduction387
  • 3.3.2. Acute Effects392
  • 3.3.3. Chronic Effects401
  • 3.3.4. Mixture Effects403
  • 3.3.5. Impacts of Pharmaceuticals in the Environment406
  • 3.3.6. Environmental risk Assessment of Pharmaceuticals410
  • 3.3.7. Discussion413
  • 3.3.8. Conclusions416
  • References417
  • Chapter 4: Removal of Pharmaceuticals in Wastewater and Drinking Water Treatments425
  • Chapter 4.1. Removal of pharmaceutical residues during wastewater treatment427
  • 4.1.1. Introduction427
  • 4.1.2. Removal During Primary Treatment431
  • 4.1.3. Removal During Secondary Treatment432
  • 4.1.4. Removal During Tertiary Treatment442
  • 4.1.5. Removal During Disinfection442
  • 4.1.6. Removal During Membrane Treatment443
  • 4.1.7. Conclusions445
  • References446
  • Chapter 4.2. Removal of pharmaceuticals by advanced treatment technologies451
  • 4.2.1. Introduction451
  • 4.2.2. Membrane Bioreactor (MBR) Technology453
  • 4.2.3. Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOP)461
  • 4.2.4. Conclusions470
  • Acknowledgements471
  • References471
  • Chapter 4.3. Removal of pharmaceuticals during drinking water production475
  • 4.3.1. Introduction475
  • 4.3.2. Groundwater476
  • 4.3.3. Removal in Waterworks496
  • 4.3.4. Overall Conclusions508
  • References510
  • Chapter 5. Conclusions and future research needs515
  • 5.1. General Remarks515
  • 5.2. Legislation516
  • 5.3. Chemical Analysis517
  • 5.4. Occurrence, fate and Behaviour and Modelling519
  • 5.5. Removal from WWTP521
  • 5.6. Toxicity524
  • References526
  • Appendix: List of Pharmaceutical Compounds529
  • Subject Index559
Book details
  • Vendor Elsevier S & T
  • SKU 9780444530523
  • ISBN-13 9780080549705
  • Author Petrovic, Mira
  • Category Science
  • Subject Analytic

Do you have questions about this book?

Ask an expert!

Description eBook delivery & access Reviews
Pharmaceutically active substances are a class of new, so-called "emerging" contaminants that have raised great concern in recent years. Human and veterinary drugs are constantly being introduced into the environment, mainly as a result of the manufacturing process. Over time, this level of chemical input may lead to long-term concentrations and promote continual, but unnoticed adverse effects on aquatic and terrestrial organisms. Analysis, Fate and Removal of Pharmaceuticals in the Water Cycle discusses state-of-the-art analytical methods for trace determination of pharmaceuticals in environmental samples while reviewing the fate and occurrence of pharmaceuticals in the water cycle (elimination in wastewater and drinking water treatment). Focus is given to the newest developments in the treatment technologies, such as membrane bioreactors and advance oxidation processes.

* Well-structured overview of latest developments in trace determination
* Concise and critical compilation of literature published over the past few years
* Focuses on new treatment technologies, such as membrane bioreactors and advance oxidation processes.