Applied Spectroscopy: A Compact Reference for Practitioners
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Table of contents
- Cover
- Applied Spectroscopy: A Compact Reference for Practitionersiii
- Copyright Pageiv
- Contentsv
- Contributorsxi
- Prefacexiii
- Section 1: The Practical Basics of Spectrometry1
- Chapter 1. Optical Spectrometers3
- I. Introduction4
- II. Types of Spectrometers5
- III. Details of Spectrometer Components10
- IV. Properties of Spectrometers18
- References27
- Further Reading28
- Chapter 2. Ultraviolet, Visible, and Near-Infrared Spectrometry29
- I. Introduction29
- II. Instrumentation30
- III. Sampling Considerations36
- IV. Applications38
- Further Reading47
- Chapter 3. A Review of Sampling Methods for Infrared Spectroscopy49
- I. Introduction50
- II. General Considerations51
- III. Sample Type versus Sampling Method53
- IV. Sampling Method versus Sample Type62
- V. Sample Modification and/or Purification Methods79
- VI. Recommended Spectrum Acquisition, Presentation Format, and Data Manipulation Procedures85
- VII. Summary89
- References89
- Chapter 4. Spectroscopic Quantitative Analysis93
- I. What is "Chemometrics"?93
- II. The Beer-Lambert Law94
- III. Classical Quantitation Methods95
- IV. Eigenvector Quantitation Methods107
- Chapter 5. Spectroscopic Qualitative Analysis165
- I. Discriminant Analysis166
- II. Simple Spectrum Matching Methods168
- III. Other Methods170
- IV. The Mahalanobis Distance with PCA171
- V. Coupling Mahalanobis Distance with PCA176
- Section 2: Reflectance Measurements of Solids191
- Chapter 6. Reflectance Spectroscopy: An Overview of Classification and Techniques193
- I. Relative Specular Measurements194
- II. Absolute Specular Reflectance198
- III. Sample Preparation and Handling202
- IV. Diffuse and Total Reflectance202
- V. Integrated Sphere Measurements of Diffuse Reflectance203
- VI. Integrated Sphere Geometries205
- VII. Nonintegrating Sphere Methods210
- VIII. Diffuse/Directional Measurement of Reflectance212
- IX. Directional/Directional Diffuse Reflectance Measurements216
- X. Goniospectrophotometric Measurement of Reflectance218
- XI. Reflectance Measurement Techniques220
- References223
- Chapter 7. Spectroscopy of Solids225
- I. Introduction225
- II. The Physics of Light Interaction with Solid Materials226
- III. Devices Used for Spectroscopy of Solids229
- IV. Applications for Spectroscopy of Solids232
- V. Conclusions245
- References245
- Chapter 8. Standards for Reflectance Measurements247
- I. Specular Standards249
- II. Diffuse Reflectance Standards251
- III. Mid-Infrared Diffuse High-Reflectance Standards258
- IV. Gray Scale Standards for UV-VIS-NIR259
- V. Mid-Infrared Gray Scale Standards261
- VI. Color Standards261
- VII. Wavelength Calibration Standards262
- References265
- Chapter 9. Reflectance Measurements of Diffusing Surfaces Using Conic Mirror Reflectometers269
- I. Introduction269
- II. Terminology271
- III. Historical Overview273
- IV. Measurement Geometries276
- V. Sources of Error278
- VI. Summary and Conclusions296
- References296
- Chapter 10. Bidirectional Reflectance Distribution Function as a Measure of Optical Scatter299
- I. Introduction: Significance and Use of the Bidirectional Reflectance Distribution Function299
- II. Terminology and Definition of BRDF302
- III. Interpreting BRDF Light Scatter Measurements308
- IV. Summary321
- Appendix321
- References323
- Additional Sources324
- Section 3: Practical Application of Spectroscopic Measurement327
- Chapter 11. Selecting a Spectroscopic Method by Industrial Application329
- I. The Process329
- II. The Product333
- III. The Measurement Procedure336
- IV. Summary and Conclusions341
- References342
- Chapter 12. Color and Solar Transmittance Measurements343
- I. Introduction344
- II. Current Color Spectrophotometer Principles and Geometries346
- III. Instrument Applications352
- IV. Measurement Techniques359
- V. Mathematical Considerations365
- VI. Pitfalls: User Techniques374
- VII. Limitations: Instruments and Techniques377
- VIII. Advances Needed381
- References383
- Chapter 13. Optical Spectroscopy of New Materials389
- I. Background389
- II. Current State of the Art390
- III. Current Applications391
- IV. Pitfalls of Techniques for Basic Users393
- V. Limitations of Current Instrumentation and Techniques395
- VI. Advances Needed in the Field396
- References396
- Chapter 14. Spectroscopy of Ceramics399
- I. Introduction399
- II. Scattered Light and Its Relationship to Reflectance of Ceramics400
- III. Reflected Light from Opaque Ceramics405
- IV. Transmitted Light through Ceramic Crystals413
- V. Mechanisms of Optical Absorption in Ceramics415
- References421
- Chapter 15. Spectroscopy Using Flowing Systems for Chemical, Pharmaceutical, and Biological Applicat423
- I. Defining the Sample/System423
- II. Choosing the Appropriate Measuring Instrumentation426
- III. Applications431
- IV. Conclusion435
- References435
- Chapter 16. Textile Application of Molecular Spectroscopy437
- I. Introduction437
- II. Textile Test Specimens438
- III. Applications in Greige Manufacturing Processes438
- IV. Thermal History of Synthetic Fibers444
- V. Fabric Finishing Application: Durable Press Resin on Fabrics446
- VI. Application of Infrared Spectroscopy in Textiles450
- References457
- Chapter 17. Solar Measurements459
- I. Introduction459
- II. Spectrophotometer: Principles and Geometries461
- III. Instrument Applications466
- IV. Measurement Techniques474
- V. Mathematical Considerations478
- VI. Basic User Technique Pitfalls481
- VII. Limitations486
- VIII. Advances Needed487
- References489
- Appendix A: Sources, Detectors, and Window Materials for UV-VIS, NIR, and IR Spectroscopy493
- Appendix B: Practices of Data Preprocessing for Optical Spectrophotometry497
- Appendix C: Infrared Microspectroscopy507
- Appendix D: Diffuse Transmittance and Optical Geometry513
- Appendix E: Dichroic Measurements of Polymer Films Using Infrared Spectrometry525
- Index531
This book delineates practical, tested, general methods for ultraviolet, visible, and infrared spectrometry in clear language for novice users, and serves as a reference resource for advanced spectroscopists. Applied Spectroscopy includes important information and equations which will be referred to regularly. The book emphasizes reflectance and color measurements due to their common usage in todays spectroscopic laboratories, and contains methods for selectinga measurement technique as well as solar and color measurements. Written by experts in the field, this text covers spectrometry of new materials, ceramics, and textiles, and provides an appendix of practical reference data for spectrometry.
Book topics include:
. Practical aspects of spectrometers and
spectrometry
. Sample preparation
. Chemometrics and calibration practices
. Reflectance measurements
. Standard materials measurements.
An emphasis is placed on reflectance and color measurements due to their common usage in today's spectroscopic laboratories. Methods for selecting a measurement technique are included as well as solar measurements and reference information on sources, detectors, optical fiber and window materials. Additionally, spectrometry of new materials, ceramics, and textiles are covered by respective experts in their fields. An appendix of practical reference data for spectrometry and an extensive index are also included. Practitioners, researchers, and students will find this book useful in their daily working activity, in teaching, and in studies.
Book topics include:
. Practical aspects of spectrometers and
spectrometry
. Sample preparation
. Chemometrics and calibration practices
. Reflectance measurements
. Standard materials measurements.
An emphasis is placed on reflectance and color measurements due to their common usage in today's spectroscopic laboratories. Methods for selecting a measurement technique are included as well as solar measurements and reference information on sources, detectors, optical fiber and window materials. Additionally, spectrometry of new materials, ceramics, and textiles are covered by respective experts in their fields. An appendix of practical reference data for spectrometry and an extensive index are also included. Practitioners, researchers, and students will find this book useful in their daily working activity, in teaching, and in studies.