Elsevier S & T

Arsenic in Soil and Groundwater Environment: Biogeochemical Interactions, Health Effects and Remediation

Bhattacharya, Prosun; Mukherjee, Arun B. B.; Bundschuh, Jochen; Zevenhoven, Ron; Loeppert, Richard H

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Table of contents

Cover
Table of Contentsvii
Prefacexi
About the Editorsxv
List of Contributorsxxiii
Section I: Introduction1
Chapter 1. Arsenic in soil and groundwater: an overview3
Abstract3
1.1 Introduction4
1.2 Occurrence, distribution, and sources of As5
1.2.1 Occurrence and distribution5
1.2.2 Sources of As in soils and groundwater7
1.2.2.1 Natural sources8
1.2.2.2 Transport and partitioning of As from natural sources8
1.2.3 Anthropogenic sources12
1.2.3.1 Industrial As transport and partitioning13
1.3 Geogenic As in groundwater and soils: a brief overview16
1.3.1 Distribution and chemodynamics of As in groundwater19
1.4 Accumulation and behavior of As in soils28
1.5 Bioaccumulation of As in plants and crops29
1.5.1 Arsenic in crops29
1.5.2 Phytoremediation of As-contaminated soils31
1.6 Speciation and behavior of As in contaminated sites32
1.7 Biogeochemical Controls on As mobilization34
1.8 Health risks associated with chronic exposure to As in groundwater35
1.8.1 Impact of high As ingestion37
1.8.1.1 Social problem38
1.8.2 Treatment39
1.9 Removal of As from drinking water39
1.9.1 Conventional technique40
1.9.2 Other established and emerging arsenic removal method40
1.9.2.1 Pond Sand Filters (PSFs)41
1.9.2.2 Activated alumina filter (ALCAN filter)41
1.9.2.3 Bishuddhya filter42
1.9.2.4 Low cost arsenic removal42
1.9.2.5 Photocatalytic methods42
1.10 Conclusions43
References44
Section II: Arsenic in Groundwater: Global Occurrences61
Chapter 2. Trends in arsenic concentration at tubewells in Bangladesh: conceptual models, numerical63
Abstract63
2.1 Introduction63
2.2 The hydrogeological context of As occurrence64
2.2.1 A conceptual model of As in the aquifer66
2.3 Predicting As in tubewell discharge68
2.3.1 Modelling As at shallow HTWs69
2.3.2 Modelling As at DTWs70
2.4 Evidence for changing As concentration at tubewells73
2.4.1 Arsenic concentration and tubewell age in Bangladesh73
2.4.2 Arsenic concentration and tubewell age at village scale74
2.4.3 Time-series monitoring of As concentration76
2.4.4 Isotopic indication of vertical leakage77
2.5 Discussion79
2.6 Future directions80
Acknowledgements81
References81
Chapter 3. Source identification for groundwater arsenic in the Verde Valley, Central Arizona, USA85
Abstract85
3.1 Introduction85
3.2 Geology of Verde Valley86
3.2.1 Verde Formation90
3.2.2 Precambrian rocks90
3.2.3 Montezuma Well91
3.2.4 Verde Hot Springs91
3.2.5 Chemical composition of Verde Valley groundwater92
3.2.6 Local channelization of groundwater92
3.3 Experimental92
3.3.1 Cation and anion analyses92
3.3.1.1 ICP–MS analysis93
3.4 Results and discussion93
3.5 Future directions98
Acknowledgments98
References98
Chapter 4. Natural arsenic in groundwater and alkaline lakes at the upper Paraguay basin, Pantanal,101
Abstract101
4.1 Introduction102
4.2 Regional setting104
4.3 Materials and methods106
4.3.1 Fieldwork106
4.3.2 Laboratory work108
4.3.2.1 Soil samples108
4.3.2.2 Water samples108
4.3.3 Statistical treatment109
4.3.4 Concentration diagrams109
4.3.5 Thermodynamic modelling109
4.3.6 Residual alkalinity110
4.4 Results111
4.4.1 Soil and water table111
4.4.2 Chemical variability112
4.5 Discussion119
4.5.1 Soil system119
4.5.2 Water table fluctuations120
4.5.3 Chemistry of major elements120
4.5.4 Influences on As122
4.6 Future directions123
Acknowledgements124
References124
Chapter 5. Arsenic in surface- and groundwater in central parts of the Balkan Peninsula (SE Europe)127
Abstract127
5.1 Introduction127
5.2 Arsenic in the environment128
5.3 Arsenic in natural waters in the CBP130
5.3.1 Arsenic in surface- and groundwaters130
5.3.2 Arsenic in mineral, thermal, and thermomineral waters138
5.3.2.1 Arsenic in MTWs in Serbia138
5.3.2.2 Arsenic in MTWs in middle-northeast Bosnia144
5.3.2.3 Geochemistry of As-rich MTWs in CBP145
5.4 Environmental impacts146
5.5 Future directions150
Acknowledgments151
Acronyms and abbreviations151
References151
Section III: Arsenic in Soil Environment157
Chapter 6. Geochemical modelling of arsenic adsorption to oxide surfaces159
Abstract159
6.1 Introduction160
6.2 Arsenic adsorption mechanisms161
6.3 Surface complexation modelling of arsenate and arsenite to ferrihydrite and goethite164
6.3.1 Surface complexation models164
6.3.2 Strategy for model optimization167
6.3.3 Modelling arsenate adsorption to ferrihydrite170
6.3.4 Modelling arsenite adsorption to ferrihydrite178
6.3.5 Modelling arsenate adsorption to goethite181
6.3.6 Modelling arsenite adsorption to goethite187
6.4 Arsenate and arsenite adsorption to Al oxides187
6.5 Interactions with other anions and cations189
6.5.1 Interactions with inorganic ions on Fe oxide surfaces – literature evidence189
6.5.2 Interactions with inorganic ions on ferrihydrite – scenarios using generic parameters190
6.5.3 Interactions with organic acids196
6.6 Conclusions200
Acknowledgements200
References200
Chapter 7. Arsenic in the soil environment of central Balkan Peninsula, southeastern Europe: occurre207
Abstract207
7.1 Introduction207
7.2 Basic geology and geochemistry of CBP209
7.2.1 Geological framework209
7.2.2 Mineralization and metallogeny209
7.3 Arsenic in CBP lithosphere: rocks, ores, and soils211
7.3.1 Arsenic in rocks and ores211
7.3.2 Arsenic in soils217
7.4 Arsenic in mining and industrial areas219
7.4.1 Arsenic in the environment of mining and metallurgical areas219
7.4.2 Coal-fired power plants225
7.5 Impact of As on biota227
7.5.1 Arsenic in mussels along Danube River227
7.5.2 Soil–plant systems: As in plants227
7.5.3 Emissions of arsenic-rich aerosols from metallurgical facilities and impacts on wild bees229
7.6 Conclusions230
7.7 Future directions231
Acknowledgments231
References232
Chapter 8. Arsenic in soil environments in Albania237
Abstract237
8.1 Introduction237
8.2 Materials and methods239
8.2.1 Sampling procedure239
8.2.2 Analytical procedure of soil samples240
8.2.3 Analytical procedure of stream sediment samples240
8.2.4 Quality assurance240
8.3 Arsenic in soils241
8.3.1 The geology of the area241
8.3.2 Arsenic in the soils from sulfide ores area241
8.3.3 Derivation of As from industry244
8.3.4 Soils of Korca area245
8.4 Arsenic in the stream sediments of Albanian rivers247
8.4.1 Study sites247
8.4.2 Arsenic in stream sediment samples248
8.5 Conclusions253
References254
Chapter 9. Arsenic concentration in selected soils around Abeokuta, southwestern Nigeria257
Abstract257
9.1 Introduction257
9.2 The study area258
9.3 Materials and methods260
9.4 Results and discussion260
9.5 Conclusion265
Acknowledgments265
References265
Chapter 10. Levels of trace metals and sequential extraction of arsenic in topsoil and sand from san269
Abstract269
10.1 Introduction270
10.2 Multi-elemental sequential extraction270
10.3 Arsenic in soils273
10.3.1 Overview273
10.3.2 Arsenic in impregnated wood274
10.3.3 Arsenic in organisms274
10.4 Methods275
10.4.1 Sampling and sample preparation275
10.4.2 Dissolution – sequential extraction procedure275
10.4.3 Dissolution – total concentration procedure277
10.4.4 Atomic absorption spectrometry277
10.4.4.1 Graphite furnace (As)277
10.4.4.2 Graphite furnace (Cd)278
10.4.4.3 Flame278
10.5 Results and discussion278
10.5.1 Acid-soluble concentrations of seven trace elements in topsoil and sandbox samples at 24 play278
10.5.2 Sequential extraction of arsenic in topsoil and sandbox samples at 24 playgrounds283
10.5.3 Sequential extraction of As in all topsoil samples287
10.6 Summary and conclusions291
10.6.1 Acid-soluble concentrations of seven trace elements in topsoil and sandbox samples at 24 play291
10.6.2 Sequential extraction of As in topsoil and sandbox samples at 24 playgrounds291
10.6.3 Sequential extraction of arsenic in all topsoil samples292
Acknowledgements293
References293
Section IV: Arsenic in Plants and Crops297
Chapter 11. Spatial distribution, localization, and speciation of arsenic in the hyperaccumulating F299
Abstract299
11.1 Introduction300
11.2 Materials and methods302
11.2.1 Tissue preparation302
11.2.2 X-ray mapping302
11.2.3 X-ray absorption spectroscopy analysis304
11.3 Results304
11.3.1 Macro-distribution of As in different organs304
11.3.2 Micro-distribution of As in the fronds306
11.3.3 Analysis of xylem sap306
11.4 Discussion307
Acknowledgments310
References310
Chapter 12. Arsenic accumulation by Talinum cuneifolium – application for phytoremediation of arse315
Abstract315
12.1 Introduction316
12.2 Study area317
12.3 Materials and methods318
12.3.1 Experimental design318
12.3.2 Plant material321
12.3.3 Collection of As-contaminated soil and characterization321
12.3.4 Heavy metal analysis322
12.4 Results and discussion322
12.4.1 Time dependency studies322
12.4.2 Dose–response studies324
12.4.3 Arsenic bioconcentration and translocation factors324
12.4.4 Fractionation studies326
12.4.5 Uptake of As in presence of co-metal ions327
12.4.6 Effect of As uptake in the presence of co-anions and chelators328
12.4.7 Arsenic uptake from contaminated soils of Patancheru330
12.5 Conclusions331
12.6 Future directions332
Acknowledgments332
References333
Chapter 13. Effects of arsenic-contaminated irrigation water, zinc and organic matter on the mobiliz339
Abstract339
13.1 Introduction339
13.2 Soil and groundwater quality341
13.2.1 Soil quality341
13.2.2 Groundwater quality344
13.3 Nature and characteristics of the soil under study347
13.4 Experiments on mobilization of As in soils in relation to rice348
13.5 Results and discussions349
13.5.1 Arsenic mobilization in soils350
13.5.1.1 Effect of organic matter350
13.5.1.2 Effect of zinc and other ions351
13.5.1.3 Upper toxic limit of As353
13.5.2 Arsenic accumulation in plants354
13.5.2.1 Effect of methods of As-contaminated water and zinc354
13.5.2.2 Arsenic uptake by crops in sequences and build-up in soil355
13.6 Microbial decontamination of As-contaminated soils through groundwater356
13.7 Future research directions359
Acknowledgements360
References360
Section V: Arsenic in Contaminated Sites (including Mining Wastes)363
Chapter 14. Long-Term environmental impact of arsenic-dispersion in Minas Gerais, Brazil365
Abstract365
14.1 Introduction366
14.2 Environmental media and pathways: air, soil, and water368
14.2.1 Atmospheric pathway369
14.2.2 Soil pollution370
14.2.3 Water pathway374
14.3 Biota as receptors375
14.3.1 Foodstuff375
14.3.2 Human urine and hair376
14.4 Future directions378
Acknowledgements380
References380
Chapter 15. Processes and conditions affecting elevated arsenic concentrations in groundwaters of Tu383
Abstract383
15.1 Introduction384
15.2 Hydrogeologic information384
15.2.1 Hydrogeology of Tulare Lake Hydrologic Region384
15.2.2 Groundwater hydrology and quality389
15.2.3 Climate389
15.3 Groundwater quality and the sources of As390
15.3.1 Shallow groundwater390
15.3.2 Deep groundwater of Hanford392
15.4 Processes and factors affecting As solubility and mobility397
15.4.1 Evapotranspiration398
15.4.2 Geochemical processes398
15.4.2.1 Sorption/desorption399
15.4.2.2 Redox transformation401
15.4.2.3 Speciation and transport403
15.4.3 Agriculture: irrigation and drainage404
15.5 Future directions406
References407
Chapter 16. Arsenic in soils in the areas of former mining and mineral processing in Lower Silesia,411
Abstract411
16.1 Introduction411
16.2 Arsenic-rich ‘‘hot’’ spots in Lower Silesia414
16.2.1 Zloty Stok414
16.2.2 Zelezniak415
16.2.3 Czarnow415
16.3 Materials and methods416
16.3.1 Sampling sites416
16.3.2 Basic soil properties417
16.3.3 Total and soluble As in soils417
16.3.4 Arsenic speciation418
16.4 Results420
16.4.1 Soil properties and As concentrations in soils420
16.4.1.1 Zloty Stok422
16.4.1.2 Zelezniak426
16.4.1.3 Czarnow427
16.4.2 Arsenic solubility427
16.4.3 Plant uptake428
16.4.4 Speciation results429
16.5 Future directions436
Acknowledgements437
References437
Chapter 17. Arsenic speciation and mobility in mine wastes from a copper–arsenic mine in Devon, UK441
Abstract441
17.1 Introduction441
17.2 Materials and methods442
17.2.1 Study area442
17.2.2 Methods of As production442
17.2.3 Sample collection and preparation444
17.2.4 Analytical methods444
17.2.4.1 Chemical analysis444
17.2.4.2 Partitioning by sequential extraction444
17.2.4.3 Mineralogical and scanning electron microscopy analysis445
17.2.4.4 X-ray absorption spectroscopy analysis446
17.2.5 Thermodynamic data447
17.3 Results and discussion447
17.3.1 Bulk chemistry of the tailings and mine wastes447
17.3.2 Mineralogic/petrographic characterisation447
17.3.2.1 Sandy tailings447
17.3.2.2 Black furnace slag452
17.3.2.3 Ore crusher area454
17.3.2.4 Efflorescences454
17.3.3 Arsenic partitioning by sequential extractions454
17.3.4 Arsenic speciation by X-ray absorption spectroscopy455
17.3.4.1 X-ray absorption near edge structure spectra455
17.3.4.2 Extended X-ray absorption fine structure spectra462
17.3.5 Arsenic in water leachates465
17.3.6 Thermodynamic calculations465
17.4 Geochemical controls on As mobilisation468
17.5 Future directions468
Acknowledgements468
References469
Chapter 18. Origin and fate of arsenic in a historic mining area of Mexico473
Abstract473
18.1 Introduction473
18.2 Mining in Mexico474
18.3 Arsenic in Mexico476
18.4 Arsenic in Zimapán480
18.4.1 Geological framework481
18.4.2 The aquifer system482
18.4.3 Hydrogeochemistry484
18.4.4 Arsenic from mining wastes485
18.4.5 Fate of As486
18.5 Treatment alternatives487
18.5.1 Overview487
18.5.2 Bench-scale jar tests487
18.5.3 Mobile treatment plant490
18.5.4 Geological treatment492
18.6 Future directions493
References494
Section VI: Biogeochemistry of Arsenic in Soils and Aquatic Environment499
Chapter 19. Dynamics of arsenic at hydrothermal spring outlets: role of Fe oxyhydroxides and carbona501
Abstract501
19.1 Introduction501
19.2 The study site502
19.2.1 Geography and geological setting502
19.2.2 Spring waters502
19.2.3 The origin of As504
19.3 Observation of the fate of As505
19.4 Dynamics of As: laboratory and field experiments506
19.4.1 Materials and methods506
19.4.1.1 Experimental systems and protocols506
19.4.1.2 Solution characterisation507
19.4.1.3 Precipitate characterisation508
19.4.2 Results and discussion508
19.4.2.1 Cézallier water characterisation508
19.4.2.2 Major element evolution508
19.4.2.3 Dynamics of As510
19.4.2.4 Mechanisms controlling As behaviour510
19.5 Mechanistic approach: geochemical modelling512
19.5.1 Model512
19.5.1.1 Conceptual model512
19.5.1.2 Thermodynamic and kinetic data513
19.5.1.3 Transport modelling515
19.5.2 Modelling results515
19.5.2.1 Simulation of the laboratory experiments (with adjustment of kinetic constants)515
19.5.2.2 Simulation of laboratory experiments (without adjustment of kinetic constants)515
19.5.2.3 Modelling of the ‘‘Fast’’ dynamic field experiments516
19.5.3 Discussion on the modelling results517
19.5.3.1 Laboratory experiment simulation517
19.5.3.2 Field experiment simulation518
19.6 Conclusion and perspectives519
References520
Section VII: Wastes and Material Flow525
Chapter 20. Arsenic flows in the environment of the European Union: a synoptic review527
Abstract527
20.1 Introduction528
20.2 Production, uses and emissions of As in the EU-15531
20.2.1 Production of As531
20.2.2 Uses of As531
20.2.3 Atmospheric emission of As533
20.3 Arsenic in soils and landfills540
20.3.1 Behaviour of As in soil compartment540
20.3.2 Arsenic in landfills540
20.4 Summary and conclusions541
Acknowledgements542
References542
Section VIII: Health Risks of Arsenic549
Chapter 21. Arsenic in drinking water and bladder cancer: review of epidemiological evidence551
Abstract551
21.1 Introduction551
21.2 Arsenic in water553
21.3 Other sources of arsenic554
21.3.1 Arsenic in the diet554
21.3.2 Occupational arsenic exposure558
21.3.3 Arsenic in tobacco559
21.4 Mechanisms of arsenic-induced carcinogenesis559
21.5 Epidemiologic investigations of arsenic and bladder cancer563
21.5.1 Ecologic investigations563
21.5.2 Ecologic cohort investigations566
21.5.3 Individual-level investigations567
21.6 Confounding variables and effect modifiers571
21.6.1 Disinfection byproducts571
21.6.2 Nitrates572
21.6.3 Total fluid intake and urinary stasis572
21.6.4 Micronutrients573
21.6.5 Genetic polymorphisms573
21.7 Future directions574
References576
Section IX: Arsenic Remediation585
Chapter 22. Role of natural red earth in arsenic removal in drinking water – comparison with synth587
Abstract587
22.1 Introduction587
22.1.1 Geochemical processes controlling As mobility588
22.1.2 Dominant adsorptive minerals588
22.2 Novel As adsorbent – natural red earth589
22.2.1 Characteristic features of natural red earth589
22.2.1.1 Surface properties of natural red earth591
22.2.1.2 Arsenic adsorption592
22.3 Experimental procedure592
22.3.1 Materials592
22.3.1.1 Sorbent materials592
22.3.1.2 Reagents595
22.3.2 Methods595
22.3.2.1 Adsorption experiments595
22.3.2.2 Model calculations595
22.4 Arsenic adsorption on gibbsite and goethite596
22.4.1 Adsorption edges596
22.4.1.1 Arsenite adsorption596
22.4.1.2 Arsenate adsorption597
22.4.2 Adsorption data modelling597
22.4.3 Use of red earth for the removal of As from drinking water598
22.5 Future directions599
Acknowledgements600
References600
Chapter 23. Household water treatment option: removal of arsenic in presence of natural Fe-containin603
Abstract603
23.1 Introduction604
23.2 Materials and methods608
23.2.1 Preparation of stock solutions608
23.2.2 Preparation of synthetic groundwater (test solution)609
23.2.3 Preparation of simulated groundwater (field samples)609
23.2.4 Solar radiation experiments609
23.2.5 Effect of phosphorous612
23.2.6 Experiment with different chelating agents612
23.2.7 Reproducibility613
23.3 Results and discussions613
23.3.1 Groundwater quality of BDP613
23.3.2 Solar radiation experiments615
23.3.3 Chelating agents616
23.3.4 Arsenic removal in presence of phosphate618
23.4 Discussion and conclusion619
References620
Chapter 24. Arsenite oxidation by ferrate in aqueous solution623
Abstract623
24.1 Introduction624
24.2 Experimental section626
24.2.1 Overview626
24.2.2 Materials627
24.2.3 Oxidation of As(III)628
24.2.4 Analysis of As(III) and As(V)628
24.3 Results and discussion628
24.3.1 The effects of oxidizing conditions628
24.3.2 Discussion on possible redox processes632
24.3.3 Correction factor of Fe(VI)634
24.4 Suggestions for further research636
Acknowledgments636
References637
Subject Index643
Author Index641

Book details

Vendor Elsevier S & T
SKU 9780444518200
ISBN-13 9780080522906
Author Bhattacharya, Prosun; Mukherjee, Arun B. B.; Bundschuh, Jochen; Zevenhoven, Ron; Loeppert, Richard H
Category Medical
Subject Toxicology

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This volume presents the recent developments in the field of arsenic in soil and groundwater. Arranged into nine sections, the text emphasizes the global occurrences of arsenic in the environment, particularly on its source, pathways, behavior, and effects it has on soils, plants, water, animals, and humans. It also covers the diverse issues of arsenic in the mining environment, arsenic emanating from hydrothermal springs, and the geochemical modeling of arsenic adsorption to oxide surfaces. Finally, the text includes different cost effective removal mechanisms of arsenic from drinking water using natural red earth, solar oxidation, and arsenic oxidation by ferrrate.

Written in simple English, and few technical terms, the book is designed to create interest within the countries with occurrences of arsenic in drinking water with
· an update the current status of knowledge on the dynamics of natural arsenic from the aquifers through groundwater to food chain and efficient techniques for arsenic removal.
· serve as a standard text book for graduate, postgraduate students and researchers in the field of Environmental Sciences and Hydrogeochemistry as well as researchers, environmental scientists and chemists, toxicologists, medical scientists and even for general public seeking an in-depth view of arsenic which had been classed as a carcinogen.
· bring awareness, among administrators, policy makers and company executives, on the problem and to improve the international cooperation

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