Astronomical Optics
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Table of contents
- Contentsvii
- Prefacexiii
- Chapter 1. Introduction1
- 1.1. A Bit of History1
- 1.2. Approach to Subject4
- 1.3. Outline of Book4
- Chapter 2. Preliminaries: Definitions and Paraxial Optics7
- 2.1. Sign Conventions8
- 2.2. Paraxial Equation for Refraction9
- 2.3. Paraxial Equation for Reflection12
- 2.4. Two-Surface Refracting Elements14
- 2.5. Two-Mirror Telescopes17
- 2.6. Stops and Pupils22
- 2.7. Concluding Remarks25
- Bibliography26
- Chapter 3. Fermat's Principle: An Introduction27
- 3.1. Fermat's Principle in General28
- 3.2. Fermat's Principle and Refracting Surfaces31
- 3.3. Wave Interpretation of Fermat's Principle36
- 3.4. Fermat's Principle and Reflecting Surfaces37
- 3.5. Conic Sections41
- 3.6. Fermat's Principle and the Atmosphere42
- 3.7. Concluding Remarks45
- References47
- Bibliography47
- Chapter 4. Introduction to Aberrations48
- 4.1. Reflecting Conics and Focal Length49
- 4.2. Spherical Aberration50
- 4.3. Reflecting Conics and Finite Object Distance57
- 4.4. Off-Axis Aberrations59
- 4.5. Aberration Compensation61
- References69
- Bibliography69
- Chapter 5. Fermat's Principle and Aberrations70
- 5.1. Application to Surface of Revolution70
- 5.2. Evaluation of Aberration Coefficients75
- 5.3. Ray and Wavefront Aberrations78
- 5.4. Summary of Aberration Results, Stop at Surface84
- 5.5. Aberrations for Displaced Stop88
- 5.6. Aberrations for Multisurface Systems93
- 5.7. Curvature of Field97
- 5.8. Aberrations for Decentered Pupil103
- 5.9. Concluding Remarks109
- Appendix A: Comparison with Seidel Theory110
- References111
- Bibliography111
- Chapter 6. Reflecting Telescopes112
- 6.1. Paraboloid113
- 6.2. Two-Mirror Telescopes115
- 6.3. Alignment Errors in Two-Mirror Telescopes132
- 6.4. Three-Mirror Telescopes144
- 6.5. Four-Mirror Telescopes154
- 6.6. Concluding Remarks161
- References162
- Bibliography162
- Chapter 7. Schmidt Telescopes and Cameras164
- 7.1. General Schmidt Configuration165
- 7.2. Characteristics of Aspheric Plate167
- 7.3. Schmidt Telescope Example174
- 7.4. Achromatic Schmidt Telescope177
- 7.5. Solid- and Semisolid-Schmidt Cameras181
- References184
- Bibliography184
- Chapter 8. Catadioptric Telescopes and Cameras185
- 8.1. Schmidt-Cassegrain Telescopes185
- 8.2. Cameras with Meniscus Correctors197
- 8.3. All-Reflecting Wide-Field Systems204
- References205
- Chapter 9. Auxiliary Optics for Telescopes206
- 9.1. Field Lenses, Flatteners207
- 9.2. Prime Focus Correctors210
- 9.3. Cassegrain Focus Correctors216
- 9.4. Cassegrain Focal Reducers220
- 9.5. Atmospheric Dispersion Correctors225
- 9.6. Fiber Optics237
- References239
- Bibliography239
- Chapter 10. Diffraction Theory and Aberrations240
- 10.1. Huygens-Fresnel Principle241
- 10.2. Perfect Image: Circular Aperture246
- 10.3. The Near Perfect Image257
- 10.4. Comparison: Geometric Aberrations and the Diffraction Limit270
- 10.5. Diffraction Integrals and Fourier Theory271
- References275
- Bibliography275
- Chapter 11. Transfer Functions; Hubble Space Telescope277
- 11.1. Transfer Functions and Image Characteristics277
- 11.2. Hubble Space Telescope, Prelaunch Expectations291
- 11.3. Hubble Space Telescope, Postlaunch Reality298
- 11.4. Concluding Remarks302
- References303
- Bibliography303
- Chapter 12. Spectrometry: Definitions and Basic Principles304
- 12.1. Introduction and Definitions305
- 12.2. Slit Spectrometers308
- 12.3. Fiber-Fed Spectrometers317
- 12.4. Slitless Spectrometers318
- 12.5. Spectrometers in Diffraction Limit318
- References320
- Bibliography320
- Chapter 13. Dispersing Elements and Systems321
- 13.1. Dispersing Prism321
- 13.2. Diffraction Grating; Basic Relations323
- 13.3. Echelles327
- 13.4. Grating Efficiency331
- 13.5. Fabry-Perot Interferometer342
- 13.6. Fourier Transform Spectrometer347
- 13.7. Concluding Remarks350
- References350
- Bibliography350
- Chapter 14. Grating Aberrations; Concave Grating Spectrometers352
- 14.1. Application of Fermat's Principle to Grating Surface353
- 14.2. Grating Aberrations357
- 14.3. Concave Grating Mountings362
- References367
- Bibliography367
- Chapter 15. Plane Grating Spectrometers368
- 15.1. All-Reflecting Spectrometers369
- 15.2. Pixel Matching377
- 15.3. Fast Spectrometers378
- 15.4. Fiber-Fed Spectrometers383
- 15.5. Echelle Spectrometers384
- 15.6. Nonobjective Slitless Spectrometers396
- 15.7. Concluding Remarks407
- References407
- Bibliography407
- Chapter 16. Adaptive Optics: An Introduction409
- 16.1. Effects of Atmospheric Turbulence410
- 16.2. Correction of Wavefront Distortion415
- 16.3. Adaptive Optics: Systems and Components421
- 16.4. Concluding Remarks423
- References424
- Bibliography424
- Chapter 17. Detectors, Signal-to-Noise, and Detection Limits425
- 17.1. Detector Characteristics426
- 17.2. Signal-to-Noise Ratio433
- 17.3. Detection Limits and Signal-to-Noise Ratio435
- 17.4. Detection Limits: Stellar Photometry438
- 17.5. Detection Limits: Spectroscopy440
- References443
- Bibliography443
- Chapter 18. Large Mirrors and Telescope Arrays444
- 18.1. Large Mirrors444
- 18.2. Telescope Arrays; Interferometers451
- References457
- Bibliography457
- Table of Symbols459
- Index467
This book provides a unified treatment of the characteristics of telescopes of all types, both those whose performance is set by geometrical aberrations and the effect of the atmosphere, and those diffraction-limited telescopes designed for observations from above the atmosphere. The emphasis throughout is on basic principles, such as Fermat's principle, and their application to optical systems specifically designed to image distant celestial sources.
The book also contains thorough discussions of the principles underlying all spectroscopic instrumentation, with special emphasis on grating instruments used with telescopes. An introduction to adaptive optics provides the needed background for further inquiry into this rapidly developing area.
* Geometrical aberration theory based on Fermat's principle
* Diffraction theory and transfer function approach to near-perfect telescopes
* Thorough discussion of 2-mirror telescopes, including misalignments
* Basic principles of spectrometry; grating and echelle instruments
* Schmidt and other catadioptric telescopes
* Principles of adaptive optics
* Over 220 figures and nearly 90 summary tables
The book also contains thorough discussions of the principles underlying all spectroscopic instrumentation, with special emphasis on grating instruments used with telescopes. An introduction to adaptive optics provides the needed background for further inquiry into this rapidly developing area.
* Geometrical aberration theory based on Fermat's principle
* Diffraction theory and transfer function approach to near-perfect telescopes
* Thorough discussion of 2-mirror telescopes, including misalignments
* Basic principles of spectrometry; grating and echelle instruments
* Schmidt and other catadioptric telescopes
* Principles of adaptive optics
* Over 220 figures and nearly 90 summary tables