Automated Fingerprint Identification Systems (AFIS)
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Table of contents
- COVERCover
- CONTENTSvii
- FOREWORDxiii
- CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION1
- 1.1 Welcome1
- 1.2 Fingerprints3
- 1.3 What Is AFIS?4
- 1.4 Identification Practices Prior to AFIS Systems8
- 1.5 Current Identification Practices10
- 1.6 Why Fingerprint-Based Checks Are Important12
- 1.7 From Paper to Paperless13
- 1.7.1 Paper: The Fingerprint Card13
- 1.7.2 Paperless: Livescan13
- 1.8 The Impact of AFIS Systems15
- 1.9 Other AFIS Issues16
- 1.10 Why This Book Was Written18
- 1.11 Who This Book Is Intended For20
- 1.12 Chapter Overview23
- 1.12.1 Chapter 2 History of Automated Fingerprint Identification System24
- 1.12.2 Chapter 3 Fingerprints Are Unique24
- 1.12.3 Chapter 4 AFIS Summary„How the System Works24
- 1.12.4 Chapter 5 From Print to Identification25
- 1.12.5 Chapter 6 Current Issues25
- 1.12.6 Chapter 7 Buying an AFIS System: The Basic Documents Needed26
- 1.12.7 Chapter 8 Standards and Interoperability26
- 1.12.8 Chapter 9 Contractual Issues Regarding the Purchase of an Automated Fingerprint Identificatio26
- 1.12.9 Chapter 10 Case Study„Diamonds in the Rough: Increasing the Number of Latent Print Identifi27
- 1.12.10 Appendices27
- CHAPTER 2 HISTORY OF AUTOMATED FINGERPRINT IDENTIFICATION SYSTEM29
- 2.1 Early Prints29
- 2.2 Moving Beyond a Single Database32
- 2.3 Fingerprint (Tenprint) Cards33
- 2.4 Latent Print Processing36
- 2.5 The First AFIS System37
- 2.6 Growth and Development of AFIS Systems39
- 2.7 IAFIS: The AFIS That Changed the World of Fingerprint Automation41
- 2.7.1 Transmission Standard46
- 2.7.2 FBI and Other Implementations of the ANSI Standard47
- 2.7.3 Image Quality Specifications48
- 2.7.4 Compression Standard49
- 2.7.5 Conclusion50
- 2.7.6 Current Challenges50
- CHAPTER 3 FINGERPRINTS ARE UNIQUE53
- 3.1 Names53
- 3.2 Identification Documents54
- 3.2.1 Driver’s License55
- 3.2.2 Passport57
- 3.3 Photographs59
- 3.4 DNA61
- 3.5 Fingerprints61
- 3.5.1 Physical Characteristics61
- 3.5.2 Proven Uniqueness?62
- 3.5.3 Image Quality64
- 3.6 Classification Systems66
- 3.6.1 The NCIC System66
- 3.6.2 The Henry and American Classification Systems68
- 3.6.3 Filing Systems70
- CHAPTER 4 AFIS SUMMARY„HOW THE SYSTEM WORKS73
- 4.1 Databases73
- 4.2 Processing Overview76
- 4.2.1 Tenprint76
- 4.2.2 The Latent Print Process80
- 4.2.3 Unsolved Latent Search83
- 4.2.4 Latent/Latent Search84
- 4.3 Why AFIS Systems Work84
- 4.4 Why Are Some Identifications Missed?86
- CHAPTER 5 FROM PRINT TO IDENTIFICATION89
- 5.1 AFIS Components89
- 5.1.1 Physical Layout of AFIS90
- 5.1.2 AFIS Hardware90
- 5.1.3 Coders93
- 5.1.4 RAID Storage95
- 5.1.5 Matchers96
- 5.2 Fingerprint Cards and Images98
- 5.2.1 Past Practices99
- 5.2.2 Current Practices102
- 5.2.3 Importance of High-Quality Images104
- 5.2.4 Inked Images versus Livescan Images106
- 5.2.5 Image Capture Processes106
- 5.3 AFIS Name and Minutiae Searches108
- 5.4 Types of AFIS Searches112
- 5.4.1 Tenprint to Tenprint (TP/TP) Searches112
- 5.4.2 Latent to Tenprint (LT/TP) Searches114
- 5.4.3 Latent to Latent Searches115
- 5.5 AFIS Reports116
- 5.5.1 Tenprint Reports117
- 5.5.2 Latent Print Reports118
- CHAPTER 6 CURRENT ISSUES121
- 6.1 SWOT Analysis121
- 6.1.1 AFIS Strengths122
- 6.1.2 AFIS Weaknesses123
- 6.1.3 AFIS Opportunities128
- 6.1.4 AFIS Threats132
- 6.2 DNA and Fingerprints134
- 6.3 The Move from Forensic to Civil Applications136
- 6.4 Other Frontiers140
- 6.4.1 Multiple Agencies Sharing AFIS Technology: WIN140
- 6.4.2 Multiple Nations Sharing AFIS Systems: Eurodac141
- CHAPTER 7 BUYING AN AFIS SYSTEM: THE BASIC DOCUMENTS NEEDED145
- 7.1 Introduction145
- 7.2 The Need for a Disciplined Approach145
- 7.3 Overall Strategy147
- 7.4 Pre-acquisition Phase148
- 7.4.1 Concept of Operations Document148
- 7.4.2 Acquisition Strategy Document150
- 7.4.3 Benchmarking151
- 7.5 Acquisition Phase154
- 7.5.1 Source Selection Plan155
- 7.5.2 Statement of Work (SOW)155
- 7.5.3 Requirements Specification156
- 7.6 Development and Deployment Phase158
- 7.7 Conclusion160
- CHAPTER 8 STANDARDS AND INTEROPERABILITY161
- 8.1 System Challenges to Interoperability161
- 8.2 Electronic Fingerprint Transmission Specification (EFTS)166
- 8.3 Wavelet Scalar Quantization167
- 8.4 Management Challenges to Interoperability167
- 8.4.1 Security170
- 8.4.2 Type of Search Permitted171
- 8.4.3 Indemnification172
- 8.4.4 Agreement to Maintain Records172
- 8.4.5 Charges172
- 8.4.6 Suspension of Services and Agreement Termination172
- 8.5 A Case Study: The Issue of Hit Rate for Latent Prints172
- 8.5.1 Obtaining Latent Prints174
- 8.5.2 The Search Database180
- 8.5.3 Counting Latent Print Identifications182
- 8.5.4 New York State Survey184
- CHAPTER 9 CONTRACTUAL ISSUES REGARDING THE PURCHASE OF AN AUTOMATED FINGERPRINT IDENTIFICATION SYSTE191
- 9.1 Introduction191
- 9.2 Preparing to Acquire an AFIS192
- 9.3 Special Considerations for Public Procurement193
- 9.3.1 General Requirements for Governmental Action194
- 9.3.2 Requirements Imposed on the Actions of Governmental Employees195
- 9.4 Types of Public Procurement196
- 9.4.1 Competitive Procurement197
- 9.4.2 Non-competitive Procurement198
- 9.4.3 Things to Consider When Evaluating the Competitive versus Non-competitive Models198
- 9.4.4 AFIS Procurement Flowchart200
- 9.5 Statutory and Regulatory Requirements201
- 9.5.1 Public Procurements in General201
- 9.5.2 Technology Procurements in Particular202
- 9.5.3 Additional Requirements Based on the Intended Use of the Technology203
- 9.6 Identification of Funding Sources203
- 9.6.1 Location and Identification of the Funding Source204
- 9.6.2 Determination If the Funding Source Imposes Additional Obligations205
- 9.7 Legal Considerations When Developing the Public Procurement Solicitation208
- 9.7.1 Introduction and Background210
- 9.7.2 General Information and Response Format210
- 9.7.3 AFIS Specifications and Scope of Work Requirements212
- 9.7.4 Evaluation Criteria and Relative Weights of the Criteria223
- 9.7.5 Contractual Terms and Conditions230
- 9.7.6 Other Suggested Contractual Issues to Address in the RFP231
- 9.8 What Can Go Wrong in the Process237
- 9.9 How Problems and Complaints Are Made Known239
- 9.10 Conclusion240
- CHAPTER 10 CASE STUDY„DIAMONDS IN THE ROUGH: INCREASING THE NUMBER OF LATENT PRINT IDENTIFICATIONS243
- 10.1 Introduction243
- 10.2 Plan for Increased Latent Print Identifications244
- 10.3 Review of UL File Procedures245
- 10.4 System-wide Upgrade246
- 10.5 Opportunities for Increasing UL File Identifications247
- 10.6 Summary249
- APPENDIX A GLOSSARY251
- APPENDIX B INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR IDENTIFICATION„1998 IAI AFIS COMMITTEE REPORT ON CROSS-JU269
- APPENDIX C NCHIP FUNDING, 1995–2003285
- INDEX287
An easy-to-understand synopsis of identification systems, presenting in simple language the process of fingerprint identification, from the initial capture of a set of finger images, to the production of a Rapsheet. No other single work exists which reviews this important identification process from beginning to end. We examine the identification process for latent (crime scene) prints and how they are identified with these systems. While the primary focus is automated fingerprint identifications, the book also touches on the emergence and use of fingerprints in other biometric systems.
Criminal justice administrators, policy makers, and students of forensic science and criminal justice will find a reference to the known limitations and advantages of these systems.
This book provides information as to the critical and continual need for properly trained individuals as well as an understanding of the direct and indirect costs associated with maintaining these systems.
An understanding of the entire system and what it means will prove invaluable. Why are there missed identifications? Why are identifications made on one database that are not made on another database? Key terms and issues are included, and well as suggestions for improving the overall number of identifications.
The book will go beyond process and also discuss issues such as interoperability, management strategies for large databases, contract development, lights out verification and several other issues which impact automated identifications.
- The first comprehensive title on this subject area
- Outlines in detail the entire process of fingerprint gathering and identity verification
- The future of AFIS will is discussed, including national standards in developing multi-agency cooperation/interoperability (U.S.) in addition to the use of AFIS identification world-wide.
Criminal justice administrators, policy makers, and students of forensic science and criminal justice will find a reference to the known limitations and advantages of these systems.
This book provides information as to the critical and continual need for properly trained individuals as well as an understanding of the direct and indirect costs associated with maintaining these systems.
An understanding of the entire system and what it means will prove invaluable. Why are there missed identifications? Why are identifications made on one database that are not made on another database? Key terms and issues are included, and well as suggestions for improving the overall number of identifications.
The book will go beyond process and also discuss issues such as interoperability, management strategies for large databases, contract development, lights out verification and several other issues which impact automated identifications.
- The first comprehensive title on this subject area
- Outlines in detail the entire process of fingerprint gathering and identity verification
- The future of AFIS will is discussed, including national standards in developing multi-agency cooperation/interoperability (U.S.) in addition to the use of AFIS identification world-wide.