Elsevier S & T

Biocatalysis in Oil Refining

Ramirez-Corredores, M. M.

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Table of contents
  • Cover
  • Table of Contentsxi
  • Forewordvii
  • Prefaceix
  • Chapter 1 Introduction1
  • 1. Refining Scenarios1
  • 2. Biocatalysis3
  • Chapter 2 Conventional refining processes9
  • 1. Introduction9
  • 2. Hydrotreating Processes14
  • 2.1. Chemistry15
  • 2.1.1. Reactions15
  • 2.1.2. Catalysts18
  • 2.2. Process22
  • 3. Gasoline Hydrotreating24
  • 3.1. Chemistry25
  • 3.2. Process26
  • 4. Diesel Hydrotreating28
  • 4.1. Chemistry29
  • 4.2. Process35
  • 5. Vacuum Gas Oil Hydroprocessing40
  • 5.1. Vacuum Gas Oil Hydrotreating41
  • 5.2. Vacuum Gas Oil Hydrocracking43
  • 6. Residue Hydroprocessing46
  • 6.1. Residue Hydrotreating48
  • 6.2. Residue Hydrocracking51
  • References56
  • Chapter 3 Emerging biocatalytic processes65
  • 1. Preamble65
  • 2. BDS67
  • 2.1. General67
  • 2.2. Biocatalytic Technologies (Microorganisms and Derivations)68
  • 2.2.1. Initial biodesulfurization efforts68
  • 2.2.2. Anaerobic Pathways70
  • 2.2.3. Aerobic sulfur-specific pathways71
  • 2.2.4. Aerobic Destructive and Ring Opening Pathways88
  • 2.2.5. Genetics of desulfurizing organisms91
  • 2.2.6. Purification and characterization of desulfurization enzymes93
  • 2.2.7. Specificity of desulfurization enzymes101
  • 2.2.8. Enzymatic desulfurization102
  • 2.2.9. Biocatalyst production, recycle, and regeneration103
  • 2.2.10. Engineered strains for desulfurization107
  • 2.2.11. Strategies for further microbial catalyst improvement115
  • 2.3. Process Aspects116
  • 2.3.1. Overall process designs and patented technologies116
  • 2.3.2. Process parameters and operating conditions126
  • 2.3.3. Bioreactor design and development128
  • 2.3.4. Separation of oil-water-biocatalyst mixtures130
  • 2.3.5. Other process options134
  • 2.3.6. Diesel biodesulfurization135
  • 2.3.7. Biodesulfurization of gasoline141
  • 2.4. Desulfurization of Gaseous Streams141
  • 2.5. Summary144
  • 2.5.1. Pioneering biocatalytic work144
  • 2.5.2. Biocatalyst concept and BDS-active Microorganisms144
  • 2.5.3. Biocatalytic enzymes145
  • 2.5.4. Activity improvement145
  • 2.5.5. Specificity improvement146
  • 2.5.6. Biocatalyst production and regenerability147
  • 2.5.7. Bioreactor and process schemes147
  • 2.5.8. Product separation148
  • 3. BDN149
  • 3.1. General149
  • 3.2. Metabolic Pathways151
  • 3.2.1. Acridine152
  • 3.2.2. Carbazole and derivatives152
  • 3.2.3. Quinoline and derivatives154
  • 3.2.4. Isoquinoline160
  • 3.2.5. Indole161
  • 3.2.6. Pyridine and derivatives163
  • 3.3. Enzymes165
  • 3.3.1. Quinoline and related compounds166
  • 3.3.2. Carbazole171
  • 3.3.3. Indole172
  • 3.3.4. General172
  • 3.4. Microorganisms172
  • 3.5. Process Aspects179
  • 3.6. Summary of BDN Advances183
  • 4. BDM184
  • 4.1. General184
  • 4.2. Technical findings186
  • 4.2.1. Enzymatic work186
  • 4.2.2. Microbial work187
  • 5. Bio-Upgrading189
  • 5.1. General189
  • 5.1.1. Heavy oil characteristics190
  • 5.1.2. Pathways for upgrading heavy crudes191
  • 5.2. Viscosity and MW reduction192
  • 5.2.1. Structural splitting192
  • 5.2.2. Oxygen introduction194
  • 5.2.3. Aromatic ring saturation199
  • 5.3. Processes199
  • 5.3.1. Viscosity reduction processes199
  • 5.3.2. Chemical conversion processes200
  • References204
  • Chapter 4 Biotechnology and supporting companies227
  • 1. General227
  • 2. Biology-Based Organizations231
  • 2.1. Introduction231
  • 2.2. Molecular Biology Companies232
  • 2.2.1. 454 Corporation232
  • 2.2.2. Advance ChemTech232
  • 2.2.3. Agowa233
  • 2.2.4. AlphaGene233
  • 2.2.5. Alpha Innotech233
  • 2.2.6. Amplicon Express233
  • 2.2.7. Ana-Gen234
  • 2.2.8. Anaspec, Inc.234
  • 2.2.9. Applera234
  • 2.2.10. Aurora Biomolecules234
  • 2.2.11. Biacore234
  • 2.2.12. Biopro International, Inc.235
  • 2.2.13. Bioserve Biotechnologies, Ltd.235
  • 2.2.14. BioVentures235
  • 2.2.15. BioWorld Products236
  • 2.2.16. Caliper Life Sciences236
  • 2.2.17. ChemGenes Corporation236
  • 2.2.18. Commonwealth Biotechnologies, Inc.236
  • 2.2.19. DGT Digital Gene Technologies237
  • 2.2.20. European Molecular Biology Laboratory’s237
  • 2.2.21. GATC Biotech237
  • 2.2.22. Miltenyi Biotec238
  • 2.2.23. Proteinlabs, Inc.238
  • 2.2.24. Structural Genomics Consortium238
  • 2.2.25. Structural Genomics Centers239
  • 2.2.26. Zyomyx, Inc.239
  • 2.3. Genetic Engineering Companies239
  • 2.3.1. Aptagen Gene239
  • 2.3.2. Biotage239
  • 2.3.3. Cambio240
  • 2.3.4. Entelechon240
  • 2.3.5. Geneart241
  • 2.3.6. Invitrogen241
  • 2.3.7. Joint Center for Structural Genomics242
  • 2.3.8. Operon Technologies, Inc.242
  • 2.3.9. Orchid Cellmark243
  • 2.3.10. Oxford Gene Technologies243
  • 2.4. (Microbiology) Depositary Agencies243
  • 2.4.1. American Type Culture Collection (ATCC)243
  • 2.4.2. German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Culture246
  • 2.4.3. Ferm246
  • 3. Biocatalyst (Enzyme/Protein) Companies247
  • 3.1. Altus Biologics, Inc.249
  • 3.2. Applied Enzyme Technology Ltd.249
  • 3.3. Bachem250
  • 3.4. Biocatalysts Ltd.250
  • 3.5. BioCatalytics, Inc.251
  • 3.6. Biopract251
  • 3.7. BioResearch Products, Inc.251
  • 3.8. Diversa Corporation251
  • 3.9. Enzyme Services and Consultancy252
  • 3.10. Iogen Corporation253
  • 3.11. Maps (India) Ltd.253
  • 3.12. Novozymes A/S254
  • 3.13. N-Zyme BioTec GmbH255
  • 3.14. Worthington Biochemical Corporation255
  • 4. Biotechnology-Based Companies256
  • 4.1. Acacia Research Corp.256
  • 4.2. Affymetrix257
  • 4.3. Apocom Genomics257
  • 4.4. Aurora Biosciences Corporation258
  • 4.5. Avecia Biotechnology258
  • 4.6. AVIVA Biosciences Corporation258
  • 4.7. Ben Venue Laboratories259
  • 4.8. Beyond Genomics, Inc.259
  • 4.9. Bio-Concept Laboratories Inc.260
  • 4.10. BioZone Laboratories260
  • 4.11. Biologics Process Development, Inc.260
  • 4.12. Bio Science Contract Production260
  • 4.13. BioMetics261
  • 4.14. Cedra Corporation261
  • 4.15. Cell & Molecular Technologies, Inc. (CMT)261
  • 4.16. ChemOvation Ltd.262
  • 4.17. Ciphergen Biosystems262
  • 4.18. Cogenics262
  • 4.19. deCODE Genetics263
  • 4.20. Delaware Biotechnology Institute264
  • 4.21. DiscoveRX Corporation264
  • 4.22. Dyadic International, Inc.265
  • 4.23. Enchira Biotechnology265
  • 4.24. Genencor International, Inc.266
  • 4.25. Goodwin Biotechnology, Inc.266
  • 4.26. GPC Biotech’s267
  • 4.27. HyClone267
  • 4.28. Illumina, Inc.267
  • 4.29. Integrated Genomics268
  • 4.30. Large Scale Biology Corporation269
  • 4.31. Maxygen, Inc.269
  • 4.32. MediChem International271
  • 4.33. Millipore271
  • 4.34. Molecular Machines & Industries GmbH272
  • 4.35. Nanogen, Inc.272
  • 4.36. Novagen, Inc.273
  • 4.37. Organix, Inc.273
  • 4.38. PerkinElmer Life Sciences (Formerly: NEN Life Science Products)274
  • 4.39. Prior Separation Technology274
  • 4.40. Proteus274
  • 4.41. Sangamo BioSciences, Inc.275
  • 4.42. The Center for Biotechnology276
  • 4.43. Xencor276
  • References277
  • Chapter 5 R&D technological results279
  • Overview279
  • 1. Agip Petroli (Italy); Enichem Anic Spa (Italy), and Eni Tecnologie Spa (Italy)281
  • 2. Archaeus Technology Group Ltd. (Great Britain)285
  • 3. Arctech Inc/Atlantic Research Corporation (United States)286
  • 4. ASS Universities Inc/Brookhaven Science (United States)287
  • 5. Atlantic Richfield Co (United States)291
  • 6. Atlas, Ronald/Southern Pacific Petroleum (United States)291
  • 7. Babcock & Wilcox Co (United States)292
  • 8. BHP Minerals International Inc. (United States)293
  • 9. Biostar BV (Netherlands)294
  • 10. BWN Live Oil (Australia)295
  • 11. Clean Diesel Technologies, Inc. (United States & International)296
  • 12. Combustion Engineering (United States)297
  • 13. Environmental Bioscience Corporation/Energy Biosystems Corp./Enchira Biotechnology Corp. (United298
  • 13.1. Environmental Bioscience Corp (EBC1)306
  • 13.2. Energy Biosystems Corporation (EBC2)307
  • 13.3. Enchira Biotechnology Corporation (EBC3)322
  • 14. Exxon Research and Engineering (ER&E) Co (United States)323
  • 15. Gas Research Institute (United States)326
  • 16. Houston Industries Inc. (United States)328
  • 17. Imperatrix (United States)329
  • 18. Institute Francais Du Petrol (France)330
  • 19. Instituto Mexicano De Petroleo/Universidad Nacional Autonoma De Mexico (Mexico)331
  • 20. Institute of Gas Technology (United States)332
  • 21. Institute of Process Engineering (China)337
  • 22. Intevep S. A. (Venezuela)337
  • 23. Japanese Cooperating Organizations (Japan)338
  • 23.1. Agency of Industrial Science & Technology/National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science &339
  • 23.2. Japan Cooperation Center, Petroleum (JCCP)341
  • 23.3. Petroleum Energy Center (PEC)342
  • 24. Kansai Electric Power (Japan)345
  • 25. Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (Korea)346
  • 26. Kurashov, Viktor Mikhajlovich (Russia)347
  • 27. Kyushu Kankyo Kanri Kyokai (Japan)348
  • 28. Lambda Group Inc. (United States)348
  • 29. Marine Biotechnology Institute Co Ltd (Japan)349
  • 30. Microbes Inc. (United States)349
  • 31. Ni Aoot; Vatel Skij Inst Neftepromyslov (Russia)350
  • 32. Nippon Oil Co Ltd (Japan)351
  • 33. Oldfield, Christopher, Court of Napier University351
  • 34. Paques Biological Systems BV (Netherlands)352
  • 35. Petroleo Brasileiro SA (Brazil)353
  • 36. Petrozyme Technologies Inc (Canada)354
  • 37. Petroleum Industry Development Center (Sekiyu Sangyo Kasseika Center); Mitsubishi Oil Co Ltd (Ja355
  • 38. Plummer, Mark A (United States)356
  • 39. Shell Oil Co (Netherlands)356
  • 40. Standard Oil Co (United States)357
  • 41. Technology Licensing Organization358
  • 42. Tonen Corp (Japan)359
  • 43. Unitika Ltd (Japan)360
  • 44. Universidad De Alcalá, Universidad Complutense De Madrid, and Consejo Superior De Investigacion361
  • 45. University of Osaka (Japan)361
  • 46. University of Shandong (China)362
  • 47. University of Waseda (Japan)362
  • 48. UOP LLC (United States)/Paques Biological Systems BV (Netherlands)362
  • 49. Valentine, James M (United States)363
  • General Discussion364
  • References366
  • Chapter 6 Research needs and future directions375
  • 1. Research Needs375
  • 1.1. Biodesulfurization375
  • 1.1.1. Over-expression of DszB379
  • 1.1.2. Substrate specificity of Dsz enzymes379
  • 1.1.3. Thermostability380
  • 1.1.4. Benzothiophene desulfurization380
  • 1.1.5. Desulfurization of highly substituted alkyl and aryl DBTs380
  • 1.1.6. Process Development381
  • 1.2. Biodenitrogenation382
  • 1.3. Biodemetallization383
  • 1.4. Bioupgrading383
  • 2. Future Directions384
  • 2.1. Future scenario384
  • 2.2. Technology needs386
  • References387
  • Subject Index389
  • STUDIES IN SURFACE SCIENCE AND CATALYSIS407
Book details
  • Vendor Elsevier S & T
  • SKU 9780444522122
  • ISBN-13 9780080545127
  • Author Ramirez-Corredores, M. M.
  • Category Technology & Engineering
  • Subject Petroleum

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Biocatalysis in Oil Refining focuses on petroleum refining bioprocesses, establishing a connection between science and technology.
The micro organisms and biomolecules examined for biocatalytic purposes for oil refining processes are thoroughly detailed. Terminology used by biologists, chemists and engineers is brought into a common language, aiding the understanding of complex biological-chemical-engineering issues. Problems to be addressed by the future R&D activities and by new technologies are described and summarized in the last chapter.

* Updated references
* Studying bioprocessing problems, looking at opportunities for improvements and technology developments