Biomembrane Transport
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Table of contents
- Cover
- Contentsvii
- Forewordxi
- Prefacexiii
- Chapter 1. Importance of Biomembrane Transport1
- I. Introduction1
- II. Solute and Solvent Fluxes Are Determined by Barriers and Propelling Forces3
- III. Biomembrane Transport in Context7
- IV. Summary10
- Chapter 2. Biomembrane Composition, Structure, and Turnover13
- I. Introduction13
- II. Is the Fluid Mosaic Model of Membrane Structure Still Adequate?13
- III. Some Components of the Biomembrane Can Be Reconstituted29
- IV. How Are Biomembrane Composition and Structure Regulated?30
- V. Summary38
- Chapter 3. Thermodynamics and Transport39
- I. Introduction39
- II. Similar Mathematical Expressions Serve for the Free Energy Change in a Chemical Reaction and in39
- III. Changes in Enthalpy and Entropy May Contribute Differently to the Free Energy Changes Associate43
- IV. The Total Chemical Potential Change for a Transport Process Also May Have an Electrical Componen44
- V. The Gibbs–Donnan Effect Also Generates Osmotic Pressure47
- VI. Chemical Reactions Drive Primary Active Transport49
- VII. Reversal of Transport May Drive Chemical Reactions55
- VIII. How Do Fluctuations in the Local Hydrogen Ion Potential Facilitate Formation of Phosphoric Aci56
- IX. Conversion of Solute Total Chemical Potential Gradients to Gradients of Other Solutes during Co-57
- X. Dissipation of Solute Gradients through Mediated Transport Processes May Also Perform Work61
- XI. Application of Thermodynamic Principles to the Solution of Practical Transport Problems63
- XII. Summary63
- Chapter 4. Transport Kinetics65
- I. Introduction65
- II. Kinetics of Diffusion66
- III. How Do Measurements of both the Diffusional and the Osmotic Permeability Coefficient for Water70
- IV. Do Lipophilic Substances Migrate across Biomembrane Phospholipid Bilayers by Simple Diffusion?73
- V. Lipid-Soluble Substances Are Used to Attempt to Measure the Width of Unstirred Water Layers on Ei74
- VI. Do Such Determinations of the Apparent Widths of Unstirred Water Layers Reflect the Intended Phy76
- VII. Protein versus Lipid-Mediated Mechanisms of Fatty Acid Migration across Biomembranes79
- VIII. Protein-Mediated Biomembrane Transport Is Probably Always Substrate Saturable81
- IX. Kinetics of Saturable Transport83
- X. Identification and Minimization or Deduction of Processes That May Obscure a Transport Process of98
- XI. Kinetic Differences among Substrate-Saturable Transport Processes That Form, Propagate, or Dissi116
- XII. Summary124
- Appendix126
- Chapter 5. Structure and Function of Transport Proteins That Form Solute Gradients133
- I. Introduction133
- II. P-Type ATPases135
- III. FoFI–ATP Synthases (F-Type ATPases)152
- IV. Summary166
- Chapter 6. Transport Proteins That Propagate Solute Gradients169
- I. Introduction to Symporters and Antiporters169
- II. Both Erythroid and Nonerythroid Tissues Express Anion Exchangers170
- III. ASC and Excitatory (Anionic) Amino Acid Transporters Comprise One of Two Known Families of Mamm208
- IV. Both AE and EAAT/ASC Proteins Have Additional Functions233
- V. Summary237
- Chapter 7. Channel Proteins Usually Dissipate Solute Gradients239
- I. Introduction239
- II. Structure, Function, and Evolution of Channel Proteins240
- III. Kinetics of Transport via K + and Other Channels254
- IV. Summary262
- Chapter 8. A Proposed System for the Classification of Transmembrane Transport Proteins in Living Or265
- I. Introduction265
- II. Work of the Enzyme Commission as a Basis for the Systematic Classification of Transport Proteins265
- III. Phylogeny as a Basis for Protein Classification: Criteria for Family Assignment266
- IV. Proposed Transport Protein Classification System267
- V. Representative Examples of Classified Families272
- VI. Cross-Classification of Transport Proteins272
- VII. The Two Largest Superfamilies of Transporters: The MF and ABC Superfamilies275
- VIII. Macromolecular Transport Proteins in Bacteria275
- IX. Conclusions and Perspectives276
- Chapter 9. Regulation of Plasma Membrane Transport277
- I. Introduction277
- II. Regulation of Transport by Changes in Driving Force: The Role of Plasma Membrane Potential277
- III. Regulation of the Activity of Existing Transporters through Modifications of Transporter Molecu278
- IV. Regulation of Transport by Changes in the Repertoire of Transport Proteins in the Plasma Membran284
- V. Coordinated Regulation of Transport Systems287
- VI. Derangements in Transport Regulation287
- VII. Summary293
- Chapter 10. Biomembrane Transport and Interorgan Nutrient Flows: The Amino Acids295
- I. Interorgan Nutrition295
- II. Interorgan Amino Acid Nutrition: General Principles and Key Issues295
- III. Control of Interorgan Amino Acid Metabolism: Metabolic Control Theory and Safety Factors308
- IV. Physiologically Important Flows of Amino Acids and Related Compounds311
- V. Amino Acid Nutrition under Special Circumstances319
- VI. Summary325
- Chapter 11. Selected Techniques in Membrane Transport327
- I. Introduction327
- II. Purification and Reconstitution of Transport Proteins327
- III. Methods for Isolating cDNAs Coding for Transport Proteins328
- IV. Heterologous Expression Systems for Transport Proteins329
- V. Voltage-Clamp Techniques in Xenopus Oocytes332
- VI. Probing Transport with Ion-Selective Microelectrodes338
- VII. Optical Methods for Measuring Membrane Transport339
- VIII. Structure-Function Studies of Transport Proteins339
- IX. Genetic Approaches to Understanding Transporter Function341
- X. Summary of Preparations Used to Study Native Membrane Transport341
- XI. Commentary342
- Epilogue343
- References345
- Index387
Biomembrane Transport covers the fundamental principles of biomembrane transport proteins, including thermodynamics and kinetics, structure and catalytic mechanism, and regulation and integration classification. The book considers recent advances in transport protein structure and function, along with established concepts. The importance of biomembrane transport to regulation and interorgan nutrient flows and metabolism is covered, as well as classical and modern techniques for characterizing transport. The book also contains a classification scheme for all known transport proteins according to their functions and amino acid residue sequence similarities.
Key Features
* Considers recent advances in transport protein structure and function, along with established concepts
* Distinguishes the similarities and differences in the mechanisms of action of transport proteins
* Provides an up-to-date discussion of the thermodynamics and kinetics of biomembrane transport
* Discusses regulation of biomembrane transport
* Details the importance of biomembrane transport to regulation and interorgan nutrient flows and metabolism
* Contains a classification scheme for all known transport proteins according to their functions and amino acid residue sequence similarities
* Presents classical and modern techniques for characterizing transport
Key Features
* Considers recent advances in transport protein structure and function, along with established concepts
* Distinguishes the similarities and differences in the mechanisms of action of transport proteins
* Provides an up-to-date discussion of the thermodynamics and kinetics of biomembrane transport
* Discusses regulation of biomembrane transport
* Details the importance of biomembrane transport to regulation and interorgan nutrient flows and metabolism
* Contains a classification scheme for all known transport proteins according to their functions and amino acid residue sequence similarities
* Presents classical and modern techniques for characterizing transport