Calculating the Weather: Meteorology in the 20th Century

Nebeker, Frederik

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Table of contents
  • Cover
  • Contentsv
  • Chapter 1. Introduction1
  • Three Traditions in Meteorology1
  • The Unification of Meteorology2
  • Transformations of Meteorology3
  • Algorithms, Calculation, and Computation4
  • Forces Leading to an Increased Use of Algorithms6
  • Part I: Meteorology in 19009
  • Chapter 2. An Empirical Tradition: Climatology11
  • Quantitative Description11
  • Calculational Demands13
  • Trying to Find Regularities by Tabulating15
  • Finding Regularities by Mapping16
  • Finding Regularities by Graphing19
  • Finding Regularities by Statistical Analysis21
  • The Establishment of Climatology24
  • Chapter 3. A Theoretical Tradition: Physics of the Atmosphere27
  • The Beginnings of Dynamical Meteorology27
  • William Napier Shaw29
  • The Theorists and the Empiricists30
  • Calculation in Theoretical Meteorology31
  • Chapter 4. A Practical Tradition: Weather Forecasting36
  • The Weather Map36
  • Skepticism about Weather Forecasting39
  • "Science, Not Art"40
  • Calculation in Weather Forecasting43
  • Part II: Meteorology in the First Half of the 20th Century45
  • Chapter 5. Vilhelm Bjerknes's Program to Unify Meteorology47
  • Aerology47
  • From Physics to Meteorology49
  • The Program to Calculate the Weather50
  • The Graphical Calculus52
  • A Turn toward Practical Forecasting56
  • Chapter 6. Lewis Fry Richardson: The First Person to Compute the Weather58
  • Into and out of Meteorology58
  • Discovery of a Numerical Method62
  • A Scheme to Compute the Weather65
  • The Data Requirements67
  • The Theoretical Basis71
  • A Test of the Scheme74
  • The Necessity of Numerical Analysis76
  • The Inclusiveness of the Scheme78
  • The Influence of Richardson's Work80
  • Chapter 7. The Growth of Meteorology83
  • Meteorology in World War I83
  • The Bergen School84
  • The Growth of Dynamical Meteorology86
  • Meteorology as a Profession87
  • Carl-Gustaf Rossby88
  • Chapter 8. Meteorological Calculation in the Interwar Period91
  • The First Use of Punched-Card Machines91
  • The Search for Weather Cycles94
  • Calculating Aids99
  • Calculation in Weather Forecasting104
  • The Beginnings of Numerical Experimentation107
  • Chapter 9. The Effect of World War II on Meteorology111
  • Operation Overlord111
  • The Wartime Importance of Meteorology113
  • The Increased Use of Punched-Card Machines115
  • Changes in Meteorological Practice118
  • Changes in Meteorological Research123
  • Interest in Objective Forecasting127
  • Part III: The Beginning of the Computer Era in Meteorology133
  • Chapter 10. John von Neumann's Meteorology Project135
  • Von Neumann's Interest in Meteorology135
  • The Start of the Meteorology Project138
  • The Arrival of Jule Charney141
  • Charney's Program143
  • The Use of the ENIAC145
  • The Use of the IAS Computer148
  • Chapter 11. The Acceptance of Numerical Meteorology152
  • The Beginnings of a New Style of Meteorology152
  • The Spread of Numerical Meteorology154
  • Steps toward Operational Forecasting by Means of Computer156
  • The Establishment of Numerical Forecasting158
  • The Computers Used by Meteorologists162
  • The Abandonment of Other Calculating Aids165
  • Advances in Numerical Meteorology169
  • Chapter 12. The Unification of Meteorology173
  • Growth of the Profession173
  • Advances in Observational Techniques174
  • A New Style of Research177
  • Numerical Experimentation181
  • Numerical Analysis183
  • The Unification of Meteorology184
  • Chapter 13. The Recognition of Limits to Weather Prediction188
  • Notes195
  • Note on Sources225
  • References227
  • Index243
  • International Geophysics Series253
Book details
  • Vendor Elsevier S & T
  • SKU 9780125151757
  • ISBN-13 9780080528410
  • Author Nebeker, Frederik
  • Category Nature
  • Subject Weather

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During the course of this century, meteorology has become unified, physics-based, and highly computational. Calculating the Weather: Meteorology in the 20th Century explains this transformation by examining thevarious roles of computation throughout the history of meteorology, giving most attention to the period from World War I to the 1960s. The electronic digital computer, a product of World War II, led to great advances in empirical, theoretical, and practical meteorology. At the same time, the use of the computer led to the discovery of so-called"chaotic systems,"and to the recognition that there may well be fundamental limits to predicting the weather.
One of the very few books covering 20th century meteorology, this text is an excellent supplement to any course in general meteorology, forecasting, or history of science.

Key Features
* Provides a narrative account of the growth of meteorology in the 20th century
* Explains how forecasting the weather became a physics-based science
* Studies the impact of the computer on meteorology and thus provides an example of science transformed by the computer
* Describes three traditions in meteorology:
* The empirical tradition of gathering data and making inferences
* A theoretical tradition of explaining atmospheric motions by means of the laws of physics
* The practical tradition of predicting the weather
* Analyzes the increasing role of calculation within each of the traditions and explains how electronic digital computers made possible many connections between traditions