Cancer Imaging: Lung and Breast Carcinomas
Regular price
90.750 KD
inc. VAT
Couldn't load pickup availability
Table of contents
- Dedication Pagev
- Contents of Volume 1vii
- Contents of Volume 2xxiii
- Contributorsxxix
- Prefacexxxix
- Selected Glossaryxli
- Introductionxlix
- Part I: Instrumentation1
- Chapter 1.1: Strategies for Imaging Biology in Cancer and Other Diseases3
- Introduction3
- Imaging Strategies4
- Conferring Imaging Visibility4
- Peptides, Proteins, and Probes4
- Imaging Reporter Genes5
- Imaging Modalities7
- Preclinical Applications7
- Gene Transcription7
- Ribonucleic Acid Biology8
- Protein Biology8
- Imaging Strategies for Clinical Applications10
- Receptors and Cell-Surface Targets10
- Enzyme Activities11
- Transporters11
- Cell Death11
- Acknowledgments12
- References12
- Chapter 1.2: Synthesis of 18F-fluoromisonidazole Tracer for Positron Emission Tomography15
- Introduction15
- Methods16
- Results and Discussion19
- References21
- Chapter 1.3: Radiation Hormesis23
- Introduction23
- Hormesis23
- Mechanisms24
- Animal Studies24
- Human Studies24
- Controversy25
- References26
- Part II: General Imaging Applications27
- Chapter 2.1: Molecular Imaging in Early Therapy Monitoring29
- Introduction29
- The Place of Early Therapy Monitoring in the Management of Cancer29
- What Can be Expected from Positron Emission Tomography Imaging?30
- F-18-FDG in Therapy Monitoring30
- Monitoring Neoadjuvant Therapy31
- Therapy Monitoring in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC)31
- Therapy Monitoring in Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma (NHL)32
- Therapy Monitoring in Carcinomas of the Esophagus, Esophagogastric Junction, and Stomach33
- General Aspects of Early Therapy Monitoring with FDG-Positron Emission Tomography33
- Specific Aspects34
- Procedural Aspects35
- Colorectal Cancer35
- References36
- Chapter 2.2: Positron Emission Tomography in Medicine: An Overview39
- Introduction39
- Positron Emission Tomography in Oncology39
- Positron Emission Tomography in Lung and Breast Cancer41
- Positron Emission Tomography in Brain Imaging42
- Positron Emission Tomography in Cardiac Imaging43
- Positron Emission Tomography in Infection and Inflammation43
- Cell Proliferation Agents43
- Hypoxia Positron Emission Tomography Imaging44
- Peptide and Protein Positron Emission Tomography Tracers44
- References44
- Chapter 2.3: Radiation Dose and Image Quality45
- Introduction45
- Radiation Dose46
- Image Quality48
- X-ray Beam Interactions49
- Radiographic Imaging50
- Fluoroscopy53
- Radiation Quality54
- Tube Potential54
- Filtration54
- Scattered Radiation55
- Optimization of Technique in Fluoroscopy56
- Computed Tomography56
- Computed Tomography Scanners56
- Radiation Dose and Image Quality57
- Computed Tomography Dose Assessment58
- Radionuclide Imaging58
- Imaging Technique59
- Radiation Dose and Image Quality59
- Conclusions60
- References61
- Chapter 2.4: Contrast Agents for Magnetic Resonance Imaging: An Overview63
- Introduction63
- Relaxation Agents64
- Basic Principles of Relaxation Contrast64
- Determinants of Inner Sphere Relaxivity65
- Determinants of Outer Sphere Relaxivity66
- Characteristics of T1 Agents67
- Characteristics of T2 Agents67
- Advances in the Design of Relaxation Agents69
- Chemical Exchange-dependent Saturation Transfer Agents70
- The CEST Effect70
- CEST Agents and Applications72
- Nonproton Contrast Agents73
- Direct Detection of Nuclei Other Than Protons73
- 19F and 13C Imaging Agents73
- Hyperpolarization Techniques75
- Conclusions75
- References76
- Chapter 2.5: Whole-body Computed Tomography Screening79
- Introduction79
- What Is Whole-body Computed Tomography Screening?79
- How Is it Done? Standards, Protocols, and Informed Consent80
- What Is Found on Whole-body Computed Tomography Screening?80
- Renal Cell Carcinoma80
- Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm81
- Ovarian Carcinoma81
- Other Findings on Whole-body Computed Tomography Screening81
- Liver Lesions81
- Adrenal Lesions81
- Other Miscellaneous Conditions82
- Risks and Costs of Positive Results82
- Risks of Positive Results82
- Radiation82
- Costs of Positive Results83
- Analyzing the Rationale of Whole-body Computed Tomography Screening83
- Analogies to Existing Screening Practices83
- Distrust of Authority and Self-empowerment84
- Is Proof of Value Necessary?84
- Is Whole-body Computed Tomography Screening Truly Screening?85
- Psychological Implications86
- Variability of Rate of Positive Results86
- Enhancement of Radiology’s Role in Medicine87
- Entrepreneurial Value of Screening87
- References88
- Chapter 2.6: Whole-body 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose- Positron Emission Tomography: Is It Valuable for Hea89
- Introduction89
- Current Positron Emission Tomography Screening Programs91
- Considerations on Screening Programs91
- 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose-Positron Emission Tomography92
- Negative Tumors92
- Radiation Protection92
- References93
- Chapter 2.7: Staging Solid Tumors with 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose-Positron Emission Tomography/Computed95
- Introduction95
- PET/CT Imaging Protocols for Staging Solid Tumors96
- Staging Solid Tumors with FDG-PET/CT96
- T-stage97
- N-stage98
- M-stage100
- References102
- Chapter 2.8: Laser Doppler Perfusion Imaging: Clinical Diagnosis103
- Introduction103
- Review of Laser Doppler Perfusion Imaging104
- Some Past and Recent LDPI Applications106
- Potential Integration of LDPI in Cancer Diagnosis110
- Conclusions112
- Acknowledgment112
- References112
- Chapter 2.9: Dynamic Sonographic Tissue Perfusion Measurement with the PixelFlux Method115
- Introduction115
- Tumor Perfusion Evaluation„State of the Art115
- Dynamic Tissue Perfusion Measurement (PixelFlux)116
- Preconditions117
- Workflow117
- Procedure117
- Output117
- Use of Contrast Enhancers118
- Application118
- PixelFlux Application in Oncology118
- Evaluation of PixelFlux Results119
- Comparison of Results with Other Techniques123
- Conclusions and Outlook123
- References124
- Chapter 2.10: Immuno-Positron Emission Tomography127
- Introduction127
- Diagnostic and Therapeutic Applications of Monoclonal Antibodies128
- Therapy Planning with Monoclonal Antibodies128
- Immuno-PET: Imaging and Quantification129
- Clinical PET Imaging Systems130
- Positron Emitters for Immuno-Pet130
- Experience with Preclinical Immuno-Pet131
- Experience with Clinical Immuno-Pet133
- Acknowledgments136
- References136
- Chapter 2.11: Role of Imaging Biomarkers in Drug Development139
- Introduction139
- Biomarkers and Surrogate Markers140
- Imaging Biomarkers140
- Anatomic Imaging142
- Physiological Imaging144
- Molecular Imaging148
- Conclusions156
- References156
- Part III: Lung Carcinoma161
- Chapter 3.1: The Role of Imaging in Lung Cancer163
- Introduction163
- The International System for Staging Lung Cancer163
- Stage Groups and Survival Patterns164
- The Role of Imaging in Lung Cancer Staging165
- Imaging for Primary Tumor Evaluation165
- Imaging for Evaluation of Regional Lymph Nodes167
- Imaging for Evaluation of Distant Metastasis167
- Restaging168
- Implications of Imaging for Lung Cancer Screening168
- Conclusions169
- References169
- Chapter 3.2: Lung Cancer Staging: Integrated 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose-Positron Emission Tomography/Com171
- Introduction171
- Results Obtained by Previous Studies172
- T-Staging172
- N-Staging172
- M-Staging173
- Problems and Their Solutions174
- Potential Advancements175
- References175
- Chapter 3.3: Computed Tomography Screening for Lung Cancer177
- Introduction177
- Prior Screening Studies177
- Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC) and Johns Hopkins Medical Institution (JHMI) Studies178
- Mayo Lung Project (MLP)178
- Czechoslovakia Study178
- Recommendations and Controversy Resulting from Prior Studies178
- The Early Lung Cancer Action Project Paradigm for Evalution of Screening179
- The Early Lung Cancer Action Project180
- Computed Tomography Screening in Japan181
- The New York Early Lung Cancer Action Project181
- International Conferences on Screening for Lung Cancer181
- International Early Lung Cancer Action Program182
- National Cancer Institute Conferences182
- Performance of Computed Tomography Screening for Lung Cancer182
- Updated Recommendations Regarding Screening185
- Problems Identified in Performing Randomized Screening Trials185
- References188
- Chapter 3.4: Lung Cancer: Role of Multislice Computed Tomography191
- Introduction191
- Multislice Computed Tomography Technique for Diagnosis and Staging of Bronchogenic Carcinoma192
- Scanning Protocol192
- Imaging Protocol192
- Multislice Computed Tomography Staging of Bronchogenic Carcinoma192
- T-staging192
- Chest Wall Invasion193
- Invasion of Fissures and Diaphragm194
- Invasion of Mediastinum194
- N-staging194
- M-staging195
- Assessment of Response to Treatment and Tumor Recurrence195
- Virtual Bronchoscopy196
- Conclusions196
- References196
- Chapter 3.5: Surgically Resected Pleomorphic Lung Carcinoma: Computed Tomography199
- Intoduction199
- Pleomorphic Carcinoma of the Lung199
- References202
- Chapter 3.6: Lung Cancer: Low-dose Helical Computed Tomography203
- Introduction203
- Materials and Methods204
- Results204
- Discussion205
- References206
- Chapter 3.7: Lung Cancer: Computer-aided Diagnosis with Computed Tomography209
- Intoduction209
- Materials and Methods210
- Results211
- Discussion212
- Conclusions213
- References213
- Chapter 3.8: Stereotactic Radiotherapy for Non-small Cell Lung Carcinoma: Computed Tomography215
- Introduction215
- Definition of Stereotactic Radiotherapy216
- Clinical Status of Stereotactic Radiotherapy for Early-Stage Lung Carcinoma216
- The Significance of Computed Tomography Imaging for Stereotactic Radiotherapy216
- Utility of Computed Tomography for Radiotherapy Treatment Planning of Stereotactic Radiotherapy for217
- Definition of Target Volumes with Computed Tomography Images217
- Radiologic-Pathologic Correlation of Stage I Lung Carcinoma218
- Usefulness of Thin-section Computed Tomography in the Evaluation of Lung Carcinoma218
- Attenuation of Lung Carcinoma218
- Solid Attenuation218
- Ground-glass Opacity218
- Borders Characteristics219
- Spicula and Pleural Indentation219
- Growth Patterns of Lung Carcinoma219
- Limits of Computed Tomography for Evaluating Lung Tumors220
- Management of Respiratory Motion of the Target during Irradiation220
- Simulation Using Slow-scan Computed Tomography for Free or Suppressed Breathing Technique220
- Three-dimensional Stereotactic Repositioning of the Isocenter during Irradiation221
- Computed Tomography-Linear Accelerator (Linac) Unit221
- Cone Beam Computed Tomography221
- Evaluation of the Treatment Effect and Differentiation between Inflammatory Change and a Recurrent M222
- Peculiarity of Radiation Injury of the Lung after Stereotactic Radiotherapy222
- Appearance Time of Radiation Injury of the Lung after Stereotactic Radiotherapy223
- Summary of Computed Tomography Findings of Radiation Injury of the Lung after Stereotactic Radiother224
- Computed Tomography Evaluation of the Tumor Response and Progression225
- Tumor Response225
- Local Recurrence225
- Cases of Computed Tomography Findings after Stereotactic Radiotherapy226
- Guidelines for Quality Control of Computed Tomography Images226
- Future Direction227
- Image Quality of Cone Beam Computed Tomography227
- Megavoltage Computed Tomography227
- Helical Tomotherapy227
- Imaging Supplement for Computed Tomography for Evaluating Tumor Malignancy and Extension228
- References229
- Chapter 3.9: Thin-section Computed Tomography Correlates with Clinical Outcome in Patients with Muci231
- Introduction231
- Materials and Methods232
- Results233
- Discussion234
- Acknowledgments235
- References235
- Chapter 3.10: Non-small Cell Lung Carcinoma: 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose-Positron Emission Tomography237
- Introduction237
- Role of FDG-PET on Diagnosing Lung Cancer238
- Preoperative PET Staging of Non-small Cell Lung Cancer239
- Evaluation of Distant Metastasis (M) Stage240
- Evaluation of Intrathoracic Lymph Node (N) Stage240
- Evaluation of Tumor (T) Stage241
- Impact of Staging FDG-PET on Patient Management241
- Role of PET in Therapeutic Response Assessment in NSCLC243
- Use of FDG-PET for Restaging Following Definitive Treatment of NSCLC244
- A Philosophical Perspective on the Quantitative Analysis of FDG Uptake in NSCLC244
- Use of Hybrid PET-CT Images in Staging246
- Conclusions246
- References246
- Chapter 3.11: Evaluating Positron Emission Tomography in Non-small Cell Lung Cancer: Moving Beyond A249
- Introduction249
- Diagnostic Accuracy of Positron Emission Tomography in Non-small Cell Lung Cancer250
- The Framework251
- Literature Analysis251
- Exploiting Clinical Data Obtained Prior to Introducing a New Test251
- Decision Modeling252
- Clinical-Value Studies252
- Randomized Controlled Trials253
- Economic Evaluation254
- Before and After Implementation254
- Conclusions255
- References255
- Chapter 3.12: Non-small Cell Lung Cancer: False-positive Results with 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose-Positro257
- Introduction257
- Physiological High Uptake of 18F-FDG in Different Tissues258
- Head and Central Nervous System258
- Neck258
- Chest258
- Abdomen258
- Urinary Tract258
- Breast259
- Skeletal Muscle259
- Focal Uptake of FDG Due to Benign Disease259
- High Metabolic Activity after Treatment261
- Focal Uptake of FDG Due to Artifacts262
- Focal Uptake of FDG Due to Artifacts by New PET Devices262
- Conclusions263
- References263
- Chapter 3.13: Oxygen-enhanced Proton Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Human Lung267
- Introduction267
- Respiratory Physiology268
- Theory of Oxygen-enhanced Imaging269
- T1-Relaxation in the Human Lung269
- Influence of Oxygen and the Oxygen Transfer Function (OTF)270
- T2*Relaxation in the Human Lung274
- Oxygen-enhanced Imaging in Volunteers and Patients276
- Improvement of Imaging Technique276
- Studies in Patients and Correlation with Physiologic Parameters277
- Conclusions277
- References278
- Chapter 3.14: Detection of Pulmonary Gene Transfer Using Iodide-124/Positron Emission Tomogrpahy281
- Introduction281
- Pulmonary Applications of Gene Therapy281
- Gene Therapy for Inherited Lung Diseases282
- Cystic Fibrosis282
- Alpha-1 Anitrypsin Deficiency283
- Gene Therapy for Lung Cancer283
- Gene Delivery Vehicles and Vectors283
- Retroviruses284
- Adenoviruses284
- Adeno-associated Viruses (AAV)284
- Nonviral Liposomal Vectors284
- Molecular Imaging of Pulmonary Gene Transfer284
- Reporter Gene Systems285
- Herpes Simplex Virus-1 Thymidine Kinase (HSV1-TK)286
- Sodium Iodide Symporter287
- Considerations in PET Imaging of Pulmonary Gene Transfer288
- Gene Transfer Barriers288
- Iodine-124 as Imaging Agent288
- Relationship between PET Signal and Reporter Gene Expression289
- Resolution and Sensitivity of PET290
- Acknowledgments290
- References290
- Chapter 3.15: Lung Cancer with Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis: High-resolution Computed Tomography295
- Introduction295
- Prevalence of Lung Cancer in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis295
- Pathogenesis of Lung Cancer in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis296
- Clinical Features296
- Chest Radiograph296
- Computed Tomography and High-resolution Computed Tomography Findings296
- References298
- Part IV: Breast Carcinoma299
- Chapter 4.1: Categorization of Mammographic Density for Breast Cancer: Clinical Significance301
- Introduction301
- Breast Density by Mammography301
- Clinical Applications of Breastdensity Category303
- Analysis of Patient Characteristics by Breast-density Category303
- Steroid Receptor Status and Breast-density Category303
- Comparison of Nottingham Prognostic Index Scores in Breast-density Categories304
- Patient Prognosis and Breast-density Category304
- Analytic Considerations304
- References306
- Chapter 4.2: Breast Tumor Classification and Visualization with Machine-learning Approaches309
- Introduction309
- The Contribution of Machine Learning and Artificial Neural Networks310
- State-of-the-Art Approaches to Dynamic Contrast-enhanced Magnetic Resonance Visualization311
- Learning Algorithms312
- Learning Clusters312
- Human Experts versus Computer Algorithms314
- Monitoring Tumor Development317
- Supervised Learning Algorithms318
- Supervised Detection and Segmentation of Lesions319
- Supervised Classification of Lesions319
- Summary and Outlook321
- Acknowledgments321
- References321
- Chapter 4.3: Mass Detection Scheme for Digitized Mammography325
- Introduction325
- Basic Architecture of Mass Detection Schemes325
- Computer-aided Detection Schemes Based on a Single Image325
- Computer-aided Detection Schemes Based on multi-image329
- Evaluation and Application of Commercial Computer-aided Detection Systems331
- New Developments in Mass Detection Schemes332
- Improvement of Computer-aided Detection Performance333
- Improvement of Reproducibility of Computer-aided Detection Schemes333
- Interactive Computer-aided Detection Systems334
- References336
- Chapter 4.4: Full-field Digital Phase-contrast Mammography339
- Introduction339
- Historical Background of the Phase-contrast Technique340
- Absorption Contrast and Phase Contrast340
- Edge Effect Due to Phase Contrast341
- Realization of the Phase-contrast Technique in Mammography341
- Design of Digital Image Acquisition and Output341
- Magnification-demagnification Effect in Digital Mammography342
- Sharpness342
- Image Noise343
- Improvement of Image Quality by the Magnification-demagnification Effect343
- Improvement of Image Sharpness in Digital Full-field PCM343
- Clinical Images344
- Clinical Experience345
- Future Development345
- Acknowledgments347
- References347
- Chapter 4.5: Full-field Digital Mammography versus Film-screen Mammography349
- Introduction and Historical Perspective349
- Physical Performance of Digital Compared to Film-screen Mammography350
- Phantom Studies Comparing Full-field Digital Mammography and Film-screen Mammography350
- Simulated Microcalcifications351
- Clinical or Diagnostic Digital Mammography353
- Full-field Digital Mammography and Film-screen Mammography in Screening354
- Oslo I and II Studies355
- Digital Mammography Imaging Screening Trial355
- Financial Considerations of Digital Mammography356
- Radiation Dose Considerations356
- References357
- Chapter 4.6: Use of Contrast-enhanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging for Detecting Invasive Lobular Carc359
- Introduction359
- Incidence359
- Presentation359
- Pathology360
- Mammography360
- Ultrasound360
- Goal of MRI in the Assessment of Invasive Lobular Carcinoma361
- Magnetic Resonance Imaging361
- Dynamic Sequences in Breast Magnetic Resonance Imaging362
- False-Negative Imaging on Magnetic Resonance Imaging363
- Conclusions364
- References364
- Chapter 4.7: Axillary Lymph Node Status in Breast Cancer: Pinhole Collimator Single– Photon Emissi367
- Introduction367
- 99mTc-tetrofosmin Pinhole–Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography369
- Method369
- Results and Discussion369
- Conclusions371
- References372
- Chapter 4.8: Detection of Small-size Primary Breast Cancer: 99mTc-tetrofosmin Single Photon Emission375
- Introduction375
- The Planar and SPECT Scintimammography Method376
- Results and Discussion377
- Conclusions380
- References381
- Chapter 4.9: Microcalcification in Breast Lesions: Radiography and Histopathology383
- Introduction383
- Histopathology383
- Detection384
- Classification of Breast Calcifications385
- Systematic Classification385
- Breast Imaging-Reporting and Data System386
- Work-up of Breast Calcifications389
- Summary391
- References391
- Chapter 4.10: Benign and Malignant Breast Lesions: Doppler Sonography393
- Introduction393
- Doppler Ultrasound Technique in Breast Diseases394
- Breast Doppler Limitations394
- Differentiation of Benign and Malignant Solid Breast Lesions395
- Tumor Vessel Identification395
- Quantitative Criteria395
- Semiquantitative Criteria396
- Breast Cancer Prognosis397
- Assessment of Lymph Node Involvement397
- Recurrence versus Scar in Operated Patients398
- Treatment Monitoring398
- Conclusions398
- References399
- Chapter 4.11: Response to Neoadjuvant Treatment in Patients with Locally Advanced Breast Cancer: Col401
- Introduction401
- Materials and Methods401
- Results403
- Discussion403
- References406
- Chapter 4.12: Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy of Breast Cancer: Current Techniques and Clinical Appl407
- Introduction407
- Background407
- The Choline PeakŽ407
- Why Is tCho Elevated in Cancer?408
- Technique408
- Tumor Localization408
- Technical Issues408
- Respiratory Artifact409
- Quantification409
- How Reliable Is the tCho Measurement?410
- Clinical Applications410
- Diagnosis410
- Sample Diagnostic Cases411
- Therapeutic Monitoring with Early Feedback412
- Sample Therapeutic Monitoring Cases413
- Acknowledgment414
- References414
- Chapter 4.13: Breast Scintigraphy417
- Introduction417
- Breast Scintigraphy417
- Planar Method417
- Planar Results418
- Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography Method418
- Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography Results419
- Dedicated Imaging Systems419
- Methods419
- Results420
- Clinical Indications of Breast Scintigraphy or Scintimammography421
- References421
- Chapter 4.14: Primary Breast Cancer: False-negative and False-positive Bone Scintigraphy423
- Introduction423
- Search Strategy and Selection Criteria423
- Procedures and Technical Aspects of Bone Scan423
- Clinical Applications in Breast Cancer427
- Pitfalls of Bone Scan Encountered in Breast Cancer Patients and their Solutions with Potential Advan429
- References431
- Chapter 4.15: Improved Sensitivity and Specificity of Breast Cancer Thermography435
- Introduction435
- Image Analysis Tools436
- Thermography436
- Artificial Neural Networks437
- Backpropagation437
- Radial Basis Function Network438
- Biostatistical Methods438
- Data Acqusition439
- Procedures for Thermal Imaging439
- Designed Integrated Approach440
- Step 1: Linear Regression440
- Step 2: ANN RBFN/BFN440
- Step 3: ROC Analysis441
- Results and Discussion441
- Summarized Results for Step 1: Linear Regression441
- Selected Results for Step 2: ANN RBFN/BPN441
- Selected Results (with Area > 0.85) for Step 3: ROC Analysis441
- Conclusions and Future Trends442
- Acknowledgments443
- References443
- Chapter 4.16: Optical Mammography445
- Introduction445
- Sources of Intrinsic Optical Contrast in Breast Tissue446
- Principles of Optical Mammography447
- Continuous-wave Approaches: Dynamic Measurements and Spectral Information448
- Time-resolved Approaches448
- Interpretation of Optical Mammograms450
- Prospects of Optical Mammography452
- Acknowledgments453
- References453
- Chapter 4.17: Digital Mammography455
- Introduction455
- Technical Advantages of Digital Mammography455
- Technologies Used for Digital Mammography456
- Clinical Advantages of Digital Mammography456
- Advanced Applications of Digital Mammography457
- Tomosynthesis457
- Contrast-enhanced Digital Mammography458
- References458
- Chapter 4.18: Screening for Breast Cancer in Women with a Familial or Genetic Predisposition: Magnet459
- Introduction459
- Magnetic Resonance Imaging Screening Studies461
- Results461
- Discussion462
- References463
- Chapter 4.19: Mammographic Screening: Impact on Survival465
- Introduction465
- Why Screening Works465
- Cancers Become More Lethal as they Increase in Size466
- Present and Future Life-saving Impact of Screening466
- Life-saving Potential of Screening467
- Tumor Size and Survival467
- False-positives468
- How is Screening Actually Used468
- Present Status of Breast Cancer Screening469
- References470
- Chapter 4.20: False-positive Mammography Examinations473
- Introduction473
- Definitions473
- Current Estimates of False-positive Rates in the United States and International Guidelines474
- Cumulative False-positive Rates475
- Predictors of False-positive Mammograms475
- Patients factors476
- Radiologist Factors478
- Facility and System Factors479
- Predicting the Cumulative Risk of False-positive Mammograms480
- Significance of False-positive Mammography Examination480
- Recall Rates in the United States versus Other Countries481
- Efforts to Reduce False-positive Mammograms and to Better Deal with Expected False-Positive Screenin483
- Acknowledgment483
- References483
- Chapter 4.21: Breast Dose in Thoracic Computed Tomography487
- Introduction487
- Methodology488
- Results488
- Discussion489
- Cancer Risks489
- Computed Tomography of the Breast490
- Reducing Radiation Dose490
- Imaging without Using Ionizing Radiation490
- Optical Imaging491
- Ultrasound491
- Magnetic Resonance Imaging491
- References492
- Chapter 4.22: Absorbed Dose Measurement in Mammography493
- Introduction493
- Estimation of Absorbed Dose to the Breast494
- Concepts and Quantities Used494
- From Measurement to Dose Estimate496
- Dose Limits and Diagnostic Reference Levels497
- Dosimeters for Indirect Measurements498
- Ionization chambers498
- Semiconductors498
- Dosimeters for Direct in vivo Measurements498
- Thermoluminescence Detectors499
- Novel in vivo Techniques499
- Summary and Conclusions500
- References500
- Chapter 4.23: Metastatic Choriocarcinoma to the Breast: Mammography and Color Doppler Ultrasound503
- Introduction503
- Mammography504
- Ultrasonography and Color Doppler504
- Tissue Diagnosis506
- References507
- Chapter 4.24: Detection and Characterization of Breast Lesions: Color-coded Signal Intensity Curve S509
- Introduction509
- Computer-aided Diagnosis: Features and Applications511
- Computer-aided Detection for Breast Magnetic Resonance Imaging512
- Characterization Algorithm514
- Registration Algorithm514
- Conclusions515
- References517
- Chapter 4.25: Detection of Breast Malignancy: Different Magnetic Resonance Imaging Modalities519
- Introduction519
- Major Breast Imaging Modalities519
- Breast Dynamic Contrast-enhanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging520
- Subjective Assessment520
- Empirical Quantitative Characterization521
- Analytical Pharmacokinetic Modeling522
- Breast 1H Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy523
- Breast T2*-Weighted Perfusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging525
- References526
- Chapter 4.26: Breast Lesions: Computerized Analysis of Magnetic Resonance Imaging529
- Introduction529
- Mechanisms of Functional Imaging using Magnetic Resonance Imaging530
- Interpretation of Contrast-enhanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging531
- Reduction of Motion Artifacts532
- Computerized Extraction of Temporal Features533
- Computerized Extraction of the Region of Interest534
- Computerized Extraction of Morphological Features535
- Computerized Classification of Features of Enhancement536
- Current Status and Future Role of Computerized Analysis of Breast Magnetic Resonance Imaging537
- References538
- Chapter 4.27: Optical Imaging Techniques for Breast Cancer539
- Introduction539
- Tomographic Imaging540
- Nonspecific Contrast Agents (Perfusion-type Contrast Agents)540
- Fluorochromes with Molecular Specificity542
- Smart Probes542
- Targeted Probes542
- Multimodality Probes543
- Outlook544
- References544
- Chapter 4.28: Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Measurements of Breast Tumor Volume and Vascularity for Mo547
- Introduction547
- Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Breast547
- Neoadjuvant Treatment547
- Magnetic Resonance Imaging to Monitor Treatment Response548
- Measuring Changes in Tumor Size with Treatment548
- Measuring Changes in Tumor Vascularity with Treatment548
- Imaging Considerations548
- Magnetic Resonance Imaging Acquisition548
- Imaging Postprocessing549
- Assessing Treatment Response550
- Changes in Tumor Volume Predict Recurrence-free Survival (RFS)550
- Vascular Changes with Treatment550
- Conclusions551
- Acknowledgments552
- References552
- Chapter 4.29: Defining Advanced Breast Cancer: 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose-Positron Emission Tomography555
- Introduction555
- Positron Emission Tomography Principles556
- Positron Emission Tomography Instrumentation556
- Fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG)556
- Axillary Node Staging557
- Detection of Locoregional and Distant Recurrences557
- Locoregional Recurrences557
- Intrathoracic Lymphatic Recurrences558
- Distant Metastases559
- Response to Therapy560
- Impact of FDG-PET on Patient Management561
- Beyond FDG: Future Applications of PET to Breast Cancer562
- Estrogen Receptor Imaging562
- References563
- Chapter 4.30: Leiomyoma of the Breast Parenchyma: Mammographic, Sonographic, and Histopathologic Fea567
- Introduction567
- Mammographic Appearance568
- Sonographic Appearance568
- References570
- Chapter 4.31: Detection of Breast Cancer: Dynamic Infrared Imaging571
- Introduction: Infrared and its Detection571
- History of Infrared for Breast Cancer Detection572
- Dynamic Infrared Imaging573
- Mechanism for Breast Cancer Detection with Dynamic Infrared575
- Applications of Dynamic Infrared Imaging576
- Pitfalls of Dynamic Infrared Imaging577
- Conclusion: The Future of Infrared and Dynamic Infrared Imaging for Breast Cancer Detection578
- Acknowledgments579
- References579
- Chapter 4.32: Phyllodes Breast Tumors: Magnetic Resonance Imaging581
- Introduction581
- Magnetic Resonance Imaging582
- Morphology582
- Signal Intensity582
- Contrast-enhancement Characteristics583
- Guidelines583
- References584
- Index585
With cancer-related deaths projected to rise to 10.3 million people by 2020, the need to prevent, diagnose, and cure cancer is greater than ever. This book presents readers with the most up-to-date imaging instrumentation, general and diagnostic applications for various cancers, with an emphasis on lung and breast carcinomas--the two major worldwide malignancy types. This book discusses the various imaging techniques used to locate and diagnose tumors, including ultrasound, X-ray, color Doppler sonography, PET, CT, PET/CT, MRI, SPECT, diffusion tensor imaging, dynamic infrared imaging, and magnetic resonance spectroscopy. It also details strategies for imaging cancer, emphasizing the importance of the use of this technology for clinical diagnosis. Imaging techniques that predict the malignant potential of cancers, response to chemotherapy and other treatments, recurrence, and prognosis are also detailed.
• Concentrates on the application of imaging technology to the diagnosis and prognosis of lung and breast carcinomas, the two major worldwide malignancies
• Addresses the relationship between radiation dose and image quality
• Discusses the role of molecular imaging in identifying changes for the emergence and progression of cancer at the cellular and/or molecular levels
• Concentrates on the application of imaging technology to the diagnosis and prognosis of lung and breast carcinomas, the two major worldwide malignancies
• Addresses the relationship between radiation dose and image quality
• Discusses the role of molecular imaging in identifying changes for the emergence and progression of cancer at the cellular and/or molecular levels