Carbohydrate Chemistry, Biology and Medical Applications
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Table of contents
- Dedication Pagev
- Contentsvii
- Prefacexi
- Contributorsxiii
- Chapter 1: The Development of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biology1
- I. Early History1
- II. The Contribution of Emil Fischer2
- III. Cyclic Forms5
- IV. Nomenclature of Carbohydrates8
- V. General Elucidation of Carbohydrate Structure9
- VI. Monosaccharide Structure10
- VII. Oligosaccharide Structure11
- VIII. Polysaccharide Structure12
- IX. Carbohydrate Antibiotics14
- X. Structural Methodology15
- XI. Carbohydrate Biochemistry18
- XII. Carbohydrate Antigens and Vaccines20
- XIII. Conclusion21
- References21
- Chapter 2: Carbohydrate Structure Determination by Mass Spectrometry29
- I. Glycoproteins and Other Glycoconjugates29
- II. Instrumentation for Mass Spectrometry Applied to Carbohydrate Structural Determinations34
- III. Glycan Structural Determination by Mass Spectrometry44
- IV. Summary52
- References53
- Chapter 3: Chemical Synthesis of Complex Carbohydrates59
- I. Introduction59
- II. Glycosylation Methods in Carbohydrate Synthesis60
- III. Strategies for Oligosaccharide Assembly65
- IV. Chemical Synthesis of Glycosylphosphatidylinositols70
- V. Conclusion75
- Acknowledgments76
- References76
- Chapter 4: Enzymatic Synthesis of Oligosaccharides and Conversion to Glycolipids85
- I. Introduction85
- II. Oligosaccharide Biosynthesis-Associated Enzymes86
- III. Sugar Nucleotide Regeneration Systems88
- IV. Enzymatic Oligosaccharide Synthesis Processes94
- V. Conversion of Oligosaccharides to Glycolipids99
- VI. Conclusion102
- References102
- Chapter 5: Proteoglycans in the Lung113
- I. Introduction113
- II. Proteoglycans and Normal Lung Structure113
- III. Contribution to Basic Lung Biology115
- IV. Contribution of Proteoglycans to Normal Lung Mechanics115
- V. Proteoglycans and Mechanical Strain116
- VI. Proteoglycans and the Developing Lung118
- VII. Role of Proteoglycans in Lung Disease119
- VIII. Conclusion125
- References125
- Chapter 6: Proteoglycans of the Intervertebral Disk133
- I. Introduction133
- II. Disk Proteoglycans134
- III. Aggrecan134
- IV. Versican139
- V. Link Protein140
- VI. Hyaluronan141
- VII. Small Leucine-Rich Repeat Proteoglycans142
- VIII. Perlecan145
- IX. Conclusion146
- Acknowledgments146
- References146
- Chapter 7: Small Leucine-Rich Repeat Proteoglycans of Skin155
- I. Introduction155
- II. Glycosaminoglycans and Proteoglycans of Skin155
- III. Small Leucine-Rich Repeat Proteins/Proteoglycans156
- IV. Decorin: The Major Small Leucine-Rich Repeat Proteoglycan of Skin157
- V. Biglycan160
- VI. Lumican and Fibromodulin161
- VII. Functions of Skin Leucine-Rich Repeat Proteoglycans162
- VIII. Involvement of Skin Leucine-Rich Repeat Proteoglycans in Skin Pathology167
- IX. Summary and Conclusions170
- References171
- Chapter 8: Functional Glycosaminoglycans in the Eye181
- I. Introduction181
- II. Glycosaminoglycans in Eye Diseases181
- III. Glycosaminoglycans as Clinical Applications194
- IV. Conclusion199
- References199
- Chapter 9: Biological Function of Glycosaminoglycans209
- I. Introduction209
- II. Biological Function of Glycosaminoglycans210
- III. Concluding Remarks217
- References217
- Chapter 10: Physiological, Pathophysiological and Therapeutic Roles of Heparin and Heparan Sulfate227
- I. Introduction227
- II. Structure of Heparin and Heparan Sulfate228
- III. Blood Coagulation Processes229
- IV. Cell Growth and Differentiation231
- V. Inflammation234
- VI. Host Defense and Viral Infection Mechanisms236
- VII. Cell-Cell and Cell-Matrix Interactions238
- VIII. Lipid Transport and Clearance Metabolism240
- IX. Potential Therapeutic Roles of Heparin and Heparan Sulfate242
- References244
- Chapter 11: Carbohydrates and Cutaneous Wound Healing253
- I. Introduction253
- II. Carbohydrate Polymers as Wound Dressings254
- III. Carbohydrate in Wound Healing Modulation259
- IV. Carbohydrate in Skin Tissue Engineering264
- V. Conclusions269
- References269
- Chapter 12: Carbohydrates in Human Milk and Infant Formulas275
- I. Introduction275
- II. Prebiotic Factors in Human Milk276
- III. Oligosaccharides of Nonhuman Milk Origin277
- IV. Prebiotic Effect of Nonmilk Oligosaccharides279
- V. Effect of Intestinal Microbiota on the Immune System: Preclinical Studies283
- VI. Effect of Intestinal Microbiota on the Immune System: Clinical Trials284
- VII. Conclusion286
- References286
- Chapter 13: Role of Cell Surface Carbohydrates in Development and Disease293
- I. Introduction
- II. The Role of Cell Surface Carbohydrates in Reproduction and Development
- III. The Role of Cell Surface Carbohydrates in Cancer
- IV. Perspective
- References
- Chapter 14: Therapeutic Use of Hyaluronan-Based Products311
- I. Introduction311
- II. Ophthalmic Viscosurgery311
- III. Intra-Articular Hyaluronan: Viscosupplementation314
- IV. Tissue Augmentation318
- V. Hyaluronan for Antiadhesion, Wound Healing, and Matrix Engineering322
- References325
- Chapter 15: Drug Delivery and Medical Applications of Chemically Modified Hyaluronan333
- I. Introduction333
- II. Conjugation of Active Agents to Hyaluronan334
- III. Conjugation of Peptides and Proteins to Hyaluronan340
- IV. Drug Formulations Using Hyaluronan342
- V. Conclusion/Summary347
- Acknowledgment347
- References347
- Chapter 16: Carbohydrate Microarrays as Essential Tools of Postgenomic Medicine359
- I. Introduction359
- II. Carbohydrate Microarrays as Essential Tools in the Postgenomics Era360
- III. Progress in Developing Complementary Platforms of Carbohydrate Microarrays365
- IV. Concluding Remarks380
- Acknowledgments381
- References382
- Chapter 17: Carbohydrate Arrays for Basic Science and as Diagnostic Tools387
- I. Introduction387
- II. Carbohydrate Microarrays388
- III. Microarrays of Glycosaminoglycan Oligosaccharides for High-Throughput Screening of Glycosaminog389
- IV. Carbohydrate Microarrrays to Detect Pathogens and Viruses396
- V. Conclusions399
- Acknowledgments399
- References400
- Index405
The finding by Emil Fischer that glucose and fructose on treatment with phenylhydrazine gave the identical osazone led him to the elucidation of stereochemistry of carbohydrates. Since then, progress in the field of carbohydrates has been amazing with the unraveling their basic structure, biosynthesis, immunology, functions, and clinical uses, for pure carbohydrates and for protein-linked carbohydrates (glycoproteins and proteoglycans).
The chapters in this book present a logical sequence leading from the chemistry and biochemistry of carbohydrates, followed by their role in various pathological conditions, to carbohydrates as potential therapeutic and diagnostic agents.
This book offers a detailed panoramic review of the chemistry and biology of carbohydrates for chemists, biologists and health professionals. Each chapter is authored by contributors expert in the particular area of research.
* explains how carbohydrates are important to life
* details the chemistry, biology and medical aspects of carbohydrates
* interdisciplinary and international team of authors
The chapters in this book present a logical sequence leading from the chemistry and biochemistry of carbohydrates, followed by their role in various pathological conditions, to carbohydrates as potential therapeutic and diagnostic agents.
This book offers a detailed panoramic review of the chemistry and biology of carbohydrates for chemists, biologists and health professionals. Each chapter is authored by contributors expert in the particular area of research.
* explains how carbohydrates are important to life
* details the chemistry, biology and medical aspects of carbohydrates
* interdisciplinary and international team of authors