Carbon Dioxide and Environmental Stress
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Table of contents
- Cover
- Contentsv
- Contributorsxi
- Prefacexiii
- Part I: Interactions of CO2 with Water, Temperature, Salinity, UV-B, Ozone, and Nutrients1
- Chapter 1. Interactive Effects of Water Stress and Elevated CO2 on Growth, Photosynthesis, and Water3
- I. Introduction3
- II. Expansive Growth, Water Stress, and Elevated CO24
- III. Stomata, Photosynthesis, and Water Stress9
- IV. Stomata, Photosynthesis, and Elevated CO211
- V. Adjustment in Photosynthetic Capacity under Elevated CO214
- VI. Interactions between Effects of Elevated CO2 and Water Stress on Photosynthesis16
- VII. General Aspects of Plant Water Use Efficiency16
- VIII. Water Use Efficiency and Elevated CO218
- IX. Framework for Response of Photosynthesis and Water Use Efficiency to Elevated CO220
- X. Overview and Conclusion24
- References26
- Chapter 2. Increasing Atmospheric CO2 Concentration, Water Use, and Water Stress: Scaling Up from th33
- I. Introduction33
- II. Ecosystem Hydrology and Global Climatic Change34
- III. Stomatal Response to CO2 Concentration37
- IV. Effects of Plant Growth Responses to Elevated CO2 Concentration on Water Use39
- V. Considerations in Scaling Up Effects of Atmospheric CO2 Concentration on Stomatal Conductance to40
- VI. Effects of Atmospheric CO2 Concentration on Plot-Scale Water Use: Experimental Results44
- VII. Scaling Up with Global Atmospheric Models47
- VIII. Forest Water Use and Atmospheric CO2 Concentration Increase during the Past Several Decades: T48
- IX. Discussion and Summary53
- References55
- Chapter 3. Temperature: Cellular to Whole-Plant and Population Responses61
- I. Introduction61
- II. Fundamental Temperature Effects on Plants and Interactions with Elevated CO262
- III. Population Responses in Arctic and Alpine Habitats72
- IV. Conclusions98
- References99
- Chapter 4. Effects of Elevated CO2 and Temperature Stress on Ecosystem Processes107
- I. Introduction107
- II. Ecosystem Processes109
- III. Case Studies116
- IV. Summary and Conclusions127
- References132
- Chapter 5. Interactions between Rising CO2, Soil Salinity, and Plant Growth139
- I. Introduction139
- II. Global Extent of Salt-Affected Land140
- III. Effect of Salinity on Plant Production143
- IV. Mechanisms of Salt Tolerance That Relate to Effects of Elevated CO2145
- V. Effects of Elevated CO2 on Salt Tolerance and Soil Salinity152
- VI. Effects of Elevated CO2 on Natural Communities in Saline Soil158
- VII. Summary and Future Directions162
- References163
- Chapter 6. Atmospheric CO2 Enrichment and Enhanced Solar Ultraviolet-B Radiation: Gene to Ecosystem169
- I. Introduction169
- II. Evolution of Atmospheric Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide, Terrestrial Plant Life, and Solar Ultraviole171
- III. Photosynthesis, Plant Growth, and Primary Production172
- IV. Plant Biomass Allocation Pattern174
- V. Plant Morphogenesis174
- VI. Secondary Chemistry, Litter Decomposition, and Carbon Cycling175
- VII. Ecosystem Processes177
- VIII. Conclusions182
- References187
- Chapter 7. Role of Carbon Dioxide in Modifying the Plant Response to Ozone193
- I. Introduction193
- II. Evidence of Interactions between Ozone and Carbon Dioxide194
- III. Mechanisms for Ozone by Carbon Dioxide Interactions197
- IV. Summary205
- References207
- Chapter 8. Response of Plants to Elevated Atmospheric CO2: Root Growth, Mineral Nutrition, and Soil215
- I. CO2 Response215
- II. Roots215
- III. The Rhizosphere220
- IV. Mineral Nutrition224
- V. Soil Carbon Storage231
- VI. Conclusion233
- References234
- Chapter 9. Rhizosphere Processes under Elevated CO2245
- I. Introduction245
- II. Rhizodeposition246
- III. Root Exudate Quality and Quantity247
- IV. Rhizosphere Respiration248
- V. Rhizosphere Effects on Soil Organic Matter Decomposition251
- VI. Rhizosphere Associations253
- VII. Rhizosphere-Based Communities257
- VIII. Summary257
- References258
- Chapter 10. Ecosystem Responses to Rising Atmospheric CO2: Feedbacks through the Nitrogen Cycle265
- I. Introduction265
- II. Soil Nitrogen Cycle266
- III. Mechanisms through Which Elevated CO2 Alters Soil Nitrogen Cycling266
- IV. Nitrogen Mineralization and Immobilization and Increased Carbon Input to Soil268
- V. Increased Carbon Flux to Soil and Nitrogen Inputs and Losses274
- VI. Altered Nitrogen Cycling and Soil Water Content277
- VII. Relative Importance of Increased Carbon Input versus Altered Soil Water Content278
- VIII. Conclusions280
- References281
- Part II: Evolutionary, Scaling, and Modeling Studies of C02 and Stress Interactions287
- Chapter 11. Implications of Stress in Low CO2 Atmospheres of the Past: Are Today's Plants Too Conser289
- I. Introduction: The Case for Studying Responses to Low CO2289
- II. Plant Responses to Subambient CO2291
- III. Adaptations to Environmental Stress under Low CO2298
- IV. Testing the Hypothesis of Low CO2 Adaptation303
- V. Summary303
- References304
- Chapter 12. Scaling against Environmental and Biological Variability: General Principles and A Case309
- I. Introduction309
- II. The Nature and Approaches of Scaling-Up Studies310
- III. Scaling Photosynthesis from Leaf to Globe: A Two-Component Model313
- IV. Supplementary Studies317
- V. Summary326
- References328
- Chapter 13. Nutrients: Dynamics and Limitations333
- I. Introduction333
- II. Ecosystem Stoichiometry333
- III. Open versus Closed Systems340
- IV. Discussion342
- References344
- Chapter 14. Ecosystem Modeling of the CO2 Response of Forests on Sites Limited by Nitrogen and Water347
- I. Introduction347
- II. Modifications to Incorporate Water Limitation in G'DAY352
- III. Modeled Responses to CO2 in Relation to Water and N Limitation356
- IV. Discussion357
- V. Summary365
- References365
- Part III: Synthesis and Summary371
- Chapter 15. Diverse Controls on Carbon Storage under Elevated CO2: Toward a Synthesis373
- I. Impacts of Rising Atmospheric CO2373
- II. NPP and Carbon Storage375
- III. Carbon Turnover Dynamics379
- IV. Nutrient Limitation380
- V. Disturbance384
- VI. Ecological Dynamics385
- VII. Conclusions386
- References388
- Chapter 16. Interactive Effects of Carbon Dioxide and Environmental Stress on Plants and Ecosystems:393
- I. Introduction393
- II. Interactive Effects of Carbon Dioxide and Stresses on Plants and Ecosystems394
- III. Evolutionary, Scaling, and Modeling Studies of CO2 and Stress Interactions402
- IV. Future Research Needs405
- V. Conclusions407
- References408
- Index409
This book focuses on the interactive effects of environmental stresses with plant and ecosystem functions, especially with respect to changes in the abundance of carbon dioxide. The interaction of stresses with elevated carbon dioxide are presented from the cellular through whole plant ecosystem level. The book carefully considers not only the responses of the above-ground portion of the plant, but also emphasizes the critical role of below-ground (rhizosphere) components (e.g., roots, microbes, soil) in determining the nature and magnitude of these interactions.
* Will rising CO2 alter the importance of environmental stress in natural and agricultural ecosystems?
* Will environmental stress on plants reduce their capacity to remove CO2 from the atmosphere?
* Are some stresses more important than others as we concern ourselves with global change?
* Can we develop predictive models useful for scientists and policy-makers?
* Where should future research efforts be focused?
* Will rising CO2 alter the importance of environmental stress in natural and agricultural ecosystems?
* Will environmental stress on plants reduce their capacity to remove CO2 from the atmosphere?
* Are some stresses more important than others as we concern ourselves with global change?
* Can we develop predictive models useful for scientists and policy-makers?
* Where should future research efforts be focused?