Carbon Dioxide and Terrestrial Ecosystems
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Table of contents
- Cover
- Contentsv
- Contributorsxiii
- Prefacexvii
- Chapter 1. Tree Responses to Elevated CO2 and Implications for Forests1
- I. Introduction1
- II. Experimental Approach3
- III. Results5
- IV. Discussion15
- V. Conclusions19
- References19
- Chapter 2. Effects of CO2 and N on Growth and N Dynamics in Ponderosa Pine: Results from the First T23
- I. Introduction23
- II. Site and Methods24
- III. Results and Discussion26
- IV. Perspective: Applicability of Results to Mature Forests32
- V. Summary and Conclusions37
- References38
- Chapter 3. Linking Above- and Belowground Responses to Rising CO2 in Northern Deciduous Forest Speci41
- I. Introduction41
- II. Study Site and Experimental Methods44
- III. Results and Discussion47
- IV. Conclusions49
- References50
- Chapter 4. The Effects of Tree Maturity on Some Responses to Elevated CO2 in Sitka Spruce (Picea sit53
- I. Introduction53
- II. Materials and Methods57
- III. Results and Discussion59
- IV. Conclusions68
- References69
- Chapter 5. Growth Strategy and Tree Responses to Elevated CO2: A Comparison of Beech (Fagus sylvatic71
- I. Introduction71
- II. Materials and Methods72
- III. Results73
- IV. Discussion82
- References85
- Chapter 6. Litter Quality and Decomposition Rates of Foliar Litter Produced under CO2 Enrichment87
- I. Introduction87
- II. Litter Quality and the Decomposition Process89
- III. CO2 Enrichment Effects on Litter Quality and Decomposition92
- IV. A Few Words to the Wise Decomposer96
- V. Summary100
- References101
- Chapter 7. CO2-Mediated Changes in Tree Chemistry and Tree–Lepidoptera Interactions105
- I. Introduction105
- II. Forest Lepidoptera106
- III. Carbon-Nutrient Balance Theory: A Predictive Tool106
- IV. Effects of Elevated CO2 on Tree Chemistry107
- V. Effects on Insect Herbivores112
- VI. Potential Community and Ecosystem Responses115
- VII. Future Research Directions117
- References118
- Chapter 8. The Jasper Ridge CO2 Experiment: Design and Motivation121
- I. Introduction121
- II. The Challenge122
- III. Jasper Ridge125
- IV. The Suite of Experiments129
- V. Experimental Facilities131
- VI. Results138
- VII. Concluding Remarks141
- References142
- Chapter 9. Ecosystem-Level Responses of Tallgrass Prairie to Elevated CO2147
- I. Introduction147
- II. Study Site and Experimental Design150
- III: Results and Discussion151
- IV. Summary and Conclusions157
- References160
- Chapter 10. Direct Effects of Elevated CO2 on Arctic Plant and Ecosystem Function163
- I. Introduction163
- II. Individual Plant Response to Elevated CO2165
- III. Ecosystem-Level Response to Elevated CO2167
- IV. Long-Term Ecosystem Response to Elevated CO2171
- V. Summary ancl Conclusions172
- References174
- Chapter 11. Response of Alpine Vegetation to Elevated CO2177
- I. Introduction177
- II. Methods179
- III. Results of Two Years of Field Experimentation185
- IV. Conclusions194
- References195
- Chapter 12. Long-Term Elevated CO2 Exposure in a Chesapeake Bay Wetland: Ecosystem Gas Exchange, Pri197
- I. Introduction197
- II. Results199
- III. Discussion203
- IV. Conclusions210
- V. Summary211
- References212
- Chapter 13. Free-Air CO2 Enrichment: Responses of Cotton and Wheat Crops215
- I. Introduction215
- II. Materials and Methods218
- III. Results and Discussion221
- IV. Summary and Future Investigations239
- Appendix241
- References245
- Chapter 14. Response of Growth and CO2 Uptake of Spring Wheat and Faba Bean to CO2 Concentration und251
- I. Introduction251
- II. Materials and Methods252
- III. Results254
- IV. Discussion259
- V. Summary and Conclusions261
- References262
- Chapter 15. Assessment of Rice Responses to Global Climate Change: CO2 and Temperature265
- I. Introduction265
- II. Materials and Methods: Outdoor, Sunlit, Controlled-Environment Chambers265
- III. Results and Discussion267
- IV. Conclusions and Research Recommendations279
- V. Summary280
- References281
- Chapter 16. Interactions between CO2 and Nitrogen in Forests: Can We Extrapolate from the Seedling t283
- I. Introduction283
- II. Nature of Nitrogen Cycling in Forests284
- III. Potential Effects of Elevated CO2 on Nitrogen Cycling289
- IV. What Do Seedling–Sapling Studies Tell Us about Ecosystem-Level Response?291
- V. Conclusions294
- References295
- Chapter 17. Protection from Oxidative Stress in Trees as Affected by Elevated CO2 and Environmental299
- I. Introduction299
- II. Detoxification of Reactive Oxygen Species300
- III. Interactions of Environmental Stresses and Elevated CO2303
- IV. Summary309
- References311
- Chapter 18. Integrating Knowledge of Crop Responses to Elevated CO2 and Temperature with Mechanistic317
- I. Introduction317
- II. Models319
- III. Processes That Should Be Included in Models Used to Predict Crop Responses to Elevated CO2326
- IV. Knowledge Needs337
- V. Conclusions339
- References340
- Chapter 19. Progress, Limitations, and Challenges in Modeling the Effects of Elevated CO2 on Plants347
- I. Introduction347
- II. Leaf-Level Models349
- III. Plant-Level Models351
- IV. Population, Community, and Stand Models355
- V. Ecosystem Models359
- VI. Regional and Global Models366
- VII. Future Challenges369
- References372
- Chapter 20. Stimulation of Global Photosynthetic Carbon Influx by an Increase in Atmospheric Carbon381
- I. Introduction381
- II. The Model383
- III. Results and Discussion384
- IV. Summary393
- Appendix394
- References394
- Chapter 21. Biota Growth Facter β: Stimulation of Terrestrial Ecosystem Net Primary Production by E399
- I. Introduction399
- II. Modeling and Measuring Plant and Ecosystem Responses to Elevated CO2400
- III. Information Needs409
- IV. Where Do We Stand with Respect to β?409
- References411
- Chapter 22. Response of Terrestrial Ecosystems to Elevated CO2: A Synthesis and Summary415
- I. Cross-System Comparisons415
- II. Future Research Needs424
- III. Conclusions427
- References428
- Index431
The importance of carbon dioxide extends from cellular to global levels of organization and potential ecological deterioration may be the result of increased CO2 in our atmosphere. Recently, the research emphasis shifted from studies of photosynthesis pathways and plant growth to ground-breaking studies of carbon dioxide balances in ecosystems, regions, and even the entire globe.
Carbon Dioxide and Terrestrial Ecosystems addresses these new areas of research. Economically important woody ecosystems are emphasized because they have substantial influence on global carbon dioxide balances. Herbaceous ecosystems (e.g., grasslands, prairies, wetlands) and crop ecosystems are also covered. The interactions among organisms, communities, and ecosystems are modeled, and the book closes with an important synthesis of this growing nexus of research.
Carbon Dioxide and Terrestrial Ecosystems is a compilation of detailed scientific studies that reveal how ecosystems generally, and particular plants specifically, respond to changed levels of carbon dioxide.
Key Features
* Contributions from an international team of experts
* Empirical examination of the actual effects of carbon dioxide
* Variety of terrestrial habitats investigated
* Specific plants and whole ecosystems offered as studies
Carbon Dioxide and Terrestrial Ecosystems addresses these new areas of research. Economically important woody ecosystems are emphasized because they have substantial influence on global carbon dioxide balances. Herbaceous ecosystems (e.g., grasslands, prairies, wetlands) and crop ecosystems are also covered. The interactions among organisms, communities, and ecosystems are modeled, and the book closes with an important synthesis of this growing nexus of research.
Carbon Dioxide and Terrestrial Ecosystems is a compilation of detailed scientific studies that reveal how ecosystems generally, and particular plants specifically, respond to changed levels of carbon dioxide.
Key Features
* Contributions from an international team of experts
* Empirical examination of the actual effects of carbon dioxide
* Variety of terrestrial habitats investigated
* Specific plants and whole ecosystems offered as studies