Elsevier S & T

Cardiovascular Development: Advances in Developmental Biology

Bodmer, Rolf

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Table of contents
  • Cover
  • Contentsv
  • Contributorsxi
  • Prefacexv
  • Chapter 1: Heart Development in Drosophila1
  • 1. Introduction2
  • 2. Morphology of the Drosophila Heart2
  • 2.1. Embryology of heart formation2
  • 2.2. Comparison between the fly and the vertebrate heart3
  • 3. Genetic Control of Cardiac Induction4
  • 3.1. Inductive signals for cardiac mesoderm formation: decapentaplegic and wingless4
  • 3.2. Transcriptional regulation of cardiac induction: tinman, pannier, and dorsocross5
  • 4. Cardiac Cell Specification and Differentiation7
  • 4.1. A-P positioning of cardiac progenitor cells7
  • 4.2. Cardiac homeobox factors10
  • 4.3. Cardiac T-box factors12
  • 4.4. Myocardin and dHand12
  • 4.5. microRNAs13
  • 5. Control of Cardiac Cell Polarity and Morphogenesis14
  • 5.1. Epithelial polarity of cardiac cells14
  • 5.2. Molecules essential for cardiac morphogenesis15
  • 6. Myocyte Reprogramming During Metamorphosis16
  • 7. Cardiac Function and Cardiac Aging19
  • 8. Drosophila Model for Human Cardiac Disease20
  • 9. Conclusions and Perspectives21
  • Acknowledgments22
  • References22
  • Chapter 2: Morphogenesis of the Vertebrate Heart31
  • 1. Introduction32
  • 2. Early Heart Development33
  • 2.1. The heart-forming fields33
  • 2.2. Patterning and looping of the tube35
  • 3. Chamber Development38
  • 3.1. Primary versus working myocardium38
  • 3.2. Regionalized control of chamber-specific gene expression40
  • 3.3. Modes of cardiac transcriptional regulation42
  • 3.4. Role of Bmp signaling in chamber formation and septation44
  • 4. Development of the Arterial and Venous Poles of the Heart45
  • 4.1. Introduction45
  • 4.2. Development of the arterial pole46
  • 4.3. Development of the venous pole46
  • 5. Development of the Cardiac Conduction System47
  • 5.1. Definition of the mature cardiac conduction system47
  • 5.2. Gap junctions and impulse propagation50
  • 5.3. Ion channels and pacemaker phenotype51
  • 5.4. Early delineation of the conduction system53
  • 5.5. Factors involved in the formation of the conduction system57
  • 6. Conclusions and Future Directions58
  • References59
  • Chapter 3: Heart Development and T-box Transcription Factors: Lessons from Avian Embryos69
  • 1. Introduction70
  • 2. T-box Regulatory Networks and Cardiac Cell Lineage Development72
  • 3. T-box Regulation of Cardiac Valvuloseptal and Conduction System Development75
  • 4. T-box Gene Regulation of Cells that Migrate into the Heart78
  • 5. T-box Cofactors and Target Genes in the Developing Heart80
  • 6. T-box Regulatory Networks and Development of Other Organ Systems82
  • 7. Conclusions and Perspectives84
  • Acknowledgments85
  • References85
  • Chapter 4: Transcriptional Control of Cardiac Boundary Formation93
  • 1. Introduction94
  • 2. AV Boundary97
  • 3. Left-Right Boundary (First-Second Heart Fields)101
  • 4. Primary Myocardium-Chamber (or Working) Myocardium Boundary105
  • 5. Compact-Trabecular Myocardium Boundary107
  • 6. Conclusions and Future Directions107
  • Acknowledgments109
  • References109
  • Chapter 5: Signaling Pathways in Embryonic Heart Induction117
  • 1. Introduction118
  • 1.1. Significance and cardiovascular relevance118
  • 1.2. ES cell differentiation into cardiomyocytes119
  • 2. Embryology of Heart Induction120
  • 2.1. Where are heart cells derived in the embryo?120
  • 2.2. Requirement for an organizer signal121
  • 2.3. Requirement for an endodermal signal122
  • 2.4. Signals that inhibit heart development124
  • 3. Step 1: Establishing the Organizing Centers: Canonical Wnts124
  • 4. Step 2: Mesoderm Induction127
  • 5. Step 3: Establishing the Precardiac Mesoderm130
  • 6. Step 4: Differentiation of the Cardiac Lineage into Beating Cardiomyocytes135
  • 7. Conclusions and Future Directions139
  • Acknowledgments140
  • References141
  • Chapter 6: Islet1 Progenitors in Developing and Postnatal Heart153
  • 1. Introduction154
  • 2. The LIM-Homeodomain Transcription Factor Isl1 Marks Cardiac Progenitors and Is Required for Devel155
  • 3. Isl1 and Transcriptional Networks Required for Heart Development157
  • 3.1. Factors downstream of Isl1157
  • 3.2. Factors upstream of Isl1158
  • 4. Isl1 Marks a Diversity of Cardiovascular Lineages159
  • 5. Isl1 Protein Persists in Outflow Tract and Nodal Conduction Tissue of the Mid-Gestation Heart161
  • 6. Isl1 as a Marker of a Pluripotent Cardiovascular Progenitor161
  • 7. Conclusions162
  • 8. Future Challenges162
  • References163
  • Chapter 7: Role of microRNAs in Cardiovascular Biology167
  • 1. Introduction168
  • 2. miRNA Biogenesis and Repression of Target mRNAs168
  • 3. Expression and Regulation of Muscle-Specific miRNAs171
  • 4. Muscle-Specific miRNAs as Developmental Regulators171
  • 4.1. miR-1171
  • 4.2. miR-133173
  • 4.3. miR-206174
  • 4.4. miR-181174
  • 5. Myogenic miRNAs as Cell Cycle Regulators174
  • 6. miRNAs in the Adult Heart175
  • 7. Future Directions175
  • 7.1. Determining miRNA function via identification of targets175
  • 7.2. Implications of miRNA biology to cardiovascular disease176
  • Notes Added in Proof176
  • Acknowledgments177
  • References177
  • Chapter 8: Divergent Roles of Hedgehog and Fibroblast Growth Factor Signaling in Left-Right Developm179
  • 1. Introduction: Brief Historical Perspective on Left-Right Asymmetry180
  • 1.1. Molecular asymmetry181
  • 1.2. Is LR asymmetry conserved among classes of vertebrates?182
  • 2. Are the Functions of Major Cell-Cell Signaling Pathways, Hedgehog and FGf, Conserved in LR Develo183
  • 2.1. Hedgehog183
  • 2.2. Fibroblast growth factors190
  • 3. Conclusions195
  • References196
  • Chapter 9: Development of the Conduction System: Picking up the Pace203
  • 1. Introduction204
  • 2. Historical Background and Basic Electrophysiology Principles204
  • 3. Development of the CCS207
  • 4. Electrical Activation of the Developing Heart208
  • 5. Conclusions213
  • Acknowledgments215
  • References215
  • Chapter 10: Transcriptional Control of the Cardiac Conduction System219
  • 1. An Introduction to the Cardiac Conduction System220
  • 1.1. A brief history of cardiac conduction system discovery, function, and anatomy220
  • 1.2. Anatomical development of the CCS223
  • 1.3. Molecular markers of the CCS226
  • 1.4. Mouse models: Tracking the developing CCS229
  • 2. Developmental Origin and Induction of the Conduction System233
  • 2.1. Myogenic origin of the CCS233
  • 2.2. Early myogenic lineage from the cardiac crescent236
  • 2.3. Extracardiac controversies: Does the cardiac neural crest contribute to the CCS?238
  • 2.4. Extracardiac controversies: The role of EPDCs240
  • 3. Transcriptional Regulation of Conduction System Patterning and Function241
  • 3.1. T-box transcription factors241
  • 3.2. Nkx2-5 is required for central conduction system formation and Purkinje maturation244
  • 3.3. Msx2 does not mediate Nkx2-5 function in the CCS247
  • 3.4. HOP is required for CCS maturation and function248
  • 3.5. Irx5 is required for ventricular conduction249
  • 3.6. Zinc-finger transcription factors250
  • 4. Conclusions251
  • Acknowledgments252
  • References252
  • Chapter 11: Genetic Dissection of Hematopoiesis Using Drosophila as a Model System259
  • 1. Introduction260
  • 2. Drosophila Blood Cell Types264
  • 3. Blood Cell Origins in Drosophila266
  • 4. Embryonic Hematopoiesis267
  • 4.1. Serpent: The central determinant of hemocyte fate267
  • 4.2. Srp interacts with Ush and Lozenge to control crystal cell development270
  • 4.3. Glial-cells-missing proteins promote the plasmatocyte lineage271
  • 4.4. PDGF/VEGF receptor signaling directs plasmatocyte migration and survival272
  • 5. Larval Hematopoiesis273
  • 5.1. Lymph gland specification: Hemangioblasts and similarities with the vertebrate AGM273
  • 5.2. The lymph gland contains three distinct cellular zones275
  • 5.3. Zone formation in the developing lymph gland277
  • 5.4. Blood progenitors are maintained by interactions with a hematopoietic niche278
  • 5.5. Specification of cell fate280
  • 6. Modeling Hematopoietic Disease in Drosophila281
  • 6.1. Transcription factors involved in select hematopoietic malignancies282
  • 6.2. Signaling pathways involved in select hematopoietic malignancies284
  • 7. Conclusions286
  • Acknowledgments287
  • References287
  • Chapter 12: Vascular Development in the Zebrafish301
  • 1. Introduction302
  • 2. Endothelial Fate Specification and Vasculogenesis304
  • 3. Arterial-Venous Specification308
  • 4. Lymphatic Development312
  • 5. Blood Vessel Lumen Formation316
  • 6. Patterning and Guidance318
  • 7. Blood Vessels and Organogenesis324
  • 8. Conclusions326
  • Acknowledgment327
  • References327
  • Chapter 13: Development and Function of the Epicardium333
  • 1. Introduction334
  • 2. Origin of the Epicardium335
  • 2.1. The epicardium derives from a primarily extracardiac progenitor cell population, the proepicard335
  • 2.2. The PE arises from bilaterally paired PE anlagen336
  • 2.3. Induction of the PE338
  • 2.4. The transfer of PE cells to the developing heart is accomplished by three different mechanisms339
  • 2.5. The epicardium of the intrapericardial portion of the great arterial trunks does not derive fro341
  • 2.6. Evidence for the presence of a third population of epicardial precursor cells in lower vertebra341
  • 3. Contribution of the Epicardium to the Coronary Vasculature and Cardiac Growth342
  • 3.1. EMT of the PE-derived cells produces mesenchymal cells that colonize the cardiac wall342
  • 3.2. PE- and epicardium-derived mesenchymal cells differentiate into several cell types that form im344
  • 3.3. Epicardial/myocardial cross talk directs epicardial development and controls growth of the oute346
  • 3.4. The epicardium as a niche of stem cells348
  • 4. Genetics of Epicardial Development and Coronary Arteriogenesis349
  • 4.1. Polarity and cell adhesion350
  • 4.2. Transcription factors350
  • 4.3. Secreted factors351
  • 5. Conclusion352
  • References352
  • Chapter 14: Genetics of Transcription Factor Mutations359
  • 1. Introduction360
  • 2. What is CHD?360
  • 3. Human Genetic Study Designs361
  • 3.1. General considerations361
  • 3.2. Specific study designs362
  • 4. Cardiac Transcription Factors Identified by Genetic Studies368
  • 4.1. FOG2368
  • 4.2. GATA4368
  • 4.3. NKX2.5369
  • 4.5. TBX5361
  • 4.4. TBX1370
  • 4.5. TBX5370
  • 4.6. TFAP2B371
  • 4.7. ZIC3371
  • 5. Conclusions372
  • Acknowledgments373
  • References373
  • Chapter 15: Human Genetics of Congenital Heart Disease379
  • 1. Introduction380
  • 2. Heart Development381
  • 3. Natural History of Congenital Heart Disease382
  • 4. Valvar Abnormalities384
  • 4.1. Aortic stenosis384
  • 4.2. Supravalvar aortic stenosis385
  • 4.3. Mitral valve disease386
  • 4.4. Tricuspid stenosis and atresia387
  • 4.5. Pulmonary stenosis388
  • 4.6. Subpulmonary stenosis389
  • 4.7. Ebstein's anomaly390
  • 5. Obstruction of the Great Vessels391
  • 5.1. Coarctation of the aorta391
  • 6. Abnormal Communication Between Chambers or Great Arteries393
  • 6.1. Atrial septal defect394
  • 6.2. Ventricular septal defects398
  • 7. Patent Ductus Arteriosus399
  • 7.1. Genetics of patent ductus arteriosus400
  • 8. Endocardial Cushion Defects401
  • 9. Complex CHD401
  • 9.1. Without cyanosis401
  • 9.2. With cyanosis402
  • 10. Summary406
  • References406
  • Index419
Book details
  • Vendor Elsevier S & T
  • SKU 9780444530141
  • ISBN-13 9780080554389
  • Author Bodmer, Rolf
  • Category Science
  • Subject Microbiology

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In 1993, Rolf Bodmer described a gene he named tinman that was required for the formation of the dorsal aorta of the fly. Flies without a functional tinman gene had no heart. Quickly, mammalian counterparts of the tinman gene were identified and found to be expressed by early cardiomyogenic precursors and by cardiomyocytes throughout heart development. Since then, significant progress has been made in the understanding of molecular and genetic determinants of heart formation. An ever growing number of genes have been identified that are required for cardiogenesis, as evidenced by severe abnormalities in cardiac development produced by inactivation in the mouse or inhibition of gene function in other model organisms.

Cardiovascular Development covers some of the latest research in the study of heart formation. Volume Editor Rolf Bodmer has assembled a world-class list of contributors whose research uses a variety of animal models and whose findings are certain to enhance our understanding of this exciting field.

* Ties together the development of heart morphology and conduction system
* The latest developments in vertebrate and invertebrate genetic model systems
* Technological advancements in cardiovascular science