Cell Lineage and Embryo Patterning
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Table of contents
- Contentsv
- Contributorsxi
- Prefacexv
- Part I: Specifications of the Cell Lineages1
- Chapter 1. Determinants of Cell and Positional Fate in Ascidian Embryos3
- I. Introduction3
- II. The Ascidian System4
- III. Determinants8
- IV. Evolution of Determinants27
- V. Identification of Determinants30
- VI. Concluding Remarks53
- References54
- Chapter 2. RNA Localization and Germ Cell Determination in Xenopus63
- I. Introduction63
- II. Origin and Development of Oocyte Polarity65
- III. Pathways of RNA Localization68
- IV. Role of Cytoskeleton and ER in RNA Localization73
- V. The Role of Cis-Acting Elements and Trans-Acting Factors in RNA Localization76
- VI. Specification of Germ Line78
- VII. Conclusions and Future Directions84
- References85
- Chapter 3. Asymmetric Germ Cell Division and Oocyte Determination during Drosophila Oogenesis93
- I. Introduction94
- II. Self-Renewing Asymmetric Division of Germline Stem Cells as a Continuous Source of Germ Cells fo96
- III. Germline Cyst Formation via Asymmetric Cell Divisions106
- IV. Oocyte Determination111
- V. Oocyte Translocation and the Establishment of the Anterior–Posterior Axis of the Future Embryo122
- VI. A Comparative Analysis of Early Oogenesis and Early Spematogenesis125
- VII. Concluding Remarks130
- References131
- Chapter 4. The Germline in C. elegans: Origins, Proliferation, and Silencing139
- I. Introduction139
- II. Formation of the Germ Lineage: Establishment of Embryonic Polarity and Segregation of Germline F140
- III. Specification of Germ Cell Fate: Function of P Granules and Associated Factors145
- IV. Proliferation and the Decision to Initiate Meiotic Development152
- V. Silencing in the Germline168
- VI. Concluding Remarks175
- References177
- Chapter 5. Assembly of the Drosophila Germ Plasm187
- I. Introduction187
- II. Molecular Features of the Drosophila Germ Plasm194
- III. Genetic and Molecular Data on the Assembly and Function of the Germ Plasm196
- IV. Unanswered Questions207
- References208
- Chapter 6. Early Events in Mammalian Germ Line215
- I. Introduction215
- II. Mammalian Germ Cells216
- III. Control of PGC Behavior221
- IV. Interaction of PGCs with the Environment225
- V. Stem Cells227
- VI. Conclusion227
- References228
- Part II: Patterning of the Embryo231
- Chapter 7. The Initial Phase of Embryonic Patterning in Mammals233
- I. Introduction233
- II. Sensitivity of Fetal Development to Conditions to which the Early Conceptus Is Exposed237
- III. Polarity and the Establishment of Axes of the Conceptus241
- IV. Significance of Bilateral Symmetry of the Early Conceptus249
- V. Gene Expression and Molecular Asymmetries before Gastrulation252
- VI. When Is the Fetal A-P Axis Specified?268
- VII. How Compelling Is the Case against Dependence of Early Patterning on Information in the Zygote270
- VIII. Concluding Remarks275
- References276
- Chapter 8. Cadherin and Catenins, Wnts and Soxs: Embryonic Patterning in Xenopus291
- I. Introduction291
- II. The Cadherin Superfamily and Cell292
- III. Wnts, Catenins, and the Regulation of Gene Expression302
- IV. Catenins and Dorsal–Ventral Axis Determination311
- V. Neural Plate and Crest Formation319
- VI. Summary330
- References331
- Chapter 9. Establishment of Left–Right Asymmetry357
- I. Introduction357
- II. Left–Right Organogenesis359
- III. Conserved Asymmetric Expression Patterns of TGFb Family Members362
- IV. Asymmetric Expression of Transcription Factors PITX2, CSnR, NKX364
- V. The Origins of Left–Right Asymmetry367
- VI. Multiple Roles for the Midline371
- VII. Speculation: Evolution of the Left–Right Axis373
- References376
- Chapter 10. Initiation and Early Patterning of the Endoderm383
- I. Introduction383
- II. The Ancestral Vertebrate Scheme? Development of the Endoderm in Amphibians385
- III. Formation of the Gut398
- IV. Other Organisms410
- V. Summary430
- References431
- Chapter 11. Neural Patterning in the Vertebrate Embryo447
- I. Introduction447
- II. Neural Patterning449
- III. Conclusions and Summary471
- References472
- Chapter 12. Cell Biology of Limb Patterning483
- I. Introduction483
- II. Developmental Anatomy, Pattern Regulation, and Morphogenetic Signals485
- III. Limb Morphogenesis: Cell Biology498
- IV. Conclusions506
- References507
- Part III: Mechanisms to Establish Polarity and Initiate Cell Fate Determination519
- Chapter 13. Defining Cis-Acting Elements and Trans-Acting Factors in RNA Localization521
- I. Introduction521
- II. Identifying Cis-Acting Elements523
- III. Defining Trans-Acting Factors524
- IV. Analysis of Different Systems in which Cis-Acting Elements and Trans-Acting Factors for RNA Loca524
- V. Concluding Remarks535
- References535
- Chapter 14. RNA Localization and Translational Regulation during Axis Specification in the Drosophil541
- I. Introduction541
- II. Localization of grk RNA and Its Role in Establishing the Antero–Posterior Axis of the Oocyte543
- III. Localization of grk RNA and Its Role in Establishing the Dorso–Ventral Axis of the Oocyte550
- IV. Generality of RNA Localization and Translational Control Mechanisms during Oogenesis: oskar RNA558
- V. Concluding Remarks561
- References562
- Chapter 15.Translational Control in Vertebrate Development567
- I. Introduction567
- II. Translational Control during Oocyte Maturation571
- III. Translational Control during Embryogenesis582
- IV. Translational Control in Growth and Differentiation585
- V. Concluding Remarks594
- References595
- Index609
International Review of Cytology presents current advances and comprehensive reviews in cell biology, both plant and animal. Articles address structure and control of gene expression, nucleocytoplasmic interactions, control of cell development and differentiation, and cell transformation and growth. Authored by some of the foremost scientists in the field, each volume provides up-to-date information and directions for future research.
This volume brings together current information on the localization and roles of RNAs in cell-lineage determination and subsequent patterning in embryonic development. Guest co-editor Lawrence Etkin is one of the leading researchers in molecular genetics of Xenopus.
Key Features
* A number of important concepts are discussed, including:
* How polarity is established during oogenesis
* How germ cell determinants become organized in the establishment of the germ cell lineage
* Different strategies used by organisms to establish the germ cell lineage
* Similarities and differences between the mechanisms used in embryonic patterning
* The mechanisms and machinery by which molecules such as RNA become asymmetrically segregated
* The use of similar signaling pathways in patterning of the dorsal-ventral and right-left asymmetries, embryonic germ layers, limb, and nervous system
* The link between fundamental biological processes such as RNA translation and localization in the regulation of axis specification
This volume brings together current information on the localization and roles of RNAs in cell-lineage determination and subsequent patterning in embryonic development. Guest co-editor Lawrence Etkin is one of the leading researchers in molecular genetics of Xenopus.
Key Features
* A number of important concepts are discussed, including:
* How polarity is established during oogenesis
* How germ cell determinants become organized in the establishment of the germ cell lineage
* Different strategies used by organisms to establish the germ cell lineage
* Similarities and differences between the mechanisms used in embryonic patterning
* The mechanisms and machinery by which molecules such as RNA become asymmetrically segregated
* The use of similar signaling pathways in patterning of the dorsal-ventral and right-left asymmetries, embryonic germ layers, limb, and nervous system
* The link between fundamental biological processes such as RNA translation and localization in the regulation of axis specification