Elsevier S & T

Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology (Deluxe Edition)

Hammond, Constance

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Table of contents

Cellular and Molecular Neurobiologyiii
Copyright Pageiv
Contentsv
Contributorsxxii
Acknowledgementsxxiv
Part 1: Neurons: Excitable and Secretory Cells that Establish Synapses1
Chapter 1. Neurons3
1.1 Neurons have a cell body from which emerge two types of processes: the dendrites and the axon3
1.2 Neurons are highly polarized cells with a differential distribution of organelles and proteins7
1.3 Axonal transport allows bidirectional communication between the cell body and the axon terminals11
1.4 Neurons connected by synapses form networks or circuits17
1.5 Summary: the neuron is an excitable and secretory cell presenting an extreme functional regional18
Appendix 1.1 The cytoskeletal elements in neurons21
Further reading22
Chapter 2. Neuron–Glial Cell Cooperation24
2.1 Astrocytes form a vast cellular network or syncytium between neurons, blood vessels and the surf24
2.2 Oligodendrocytes form the myelin sheaths of axons in the central nervous system and allow the cl26
2.3 Microglia: ramified microglial cells represent the quiescent form of microglial cells in the cen30
2.4 Ependymal cells constitute an active barrier between blood and cerebrospinal fluid31
2.5 Schwann cells are the glial cells of the peripheral nervous system; they form the myelin sheath33
Further reading33
Chapter 3. Ionic Fluxes Across the Neuronal Plasma Membrane36
3.1 Observation and questions36
3.2 Na+, K+, Ca2+ and Cl– ions passively cross the plasma membrane through transmembrane proteins39
3.3 The diffusion of ions through an open channel: What is an electrochemical gradient and an ionic47
3.4 Active transport of Na+, K+, Ca2+ and Cl– ions by pumps and transporters maintain the unequal52
3.5 Summary53
Appendix 3.1 Hydrophobicity profile of a transmembrane protein54
Appendix 3.2 The Nernst equation55
Further reading56
Chapter 4. Basic Properties of Excitable Cells at Rest57
4.1 Ionic channels open at rest determine the resting membrane potential57
4.2 Membrane pumps are responsible for keeping constant the concentration gradients across membranes61
4.3 A simple equivalent electrical circuit for resting membrane properties62
4.4 Advantages and disadvantages of sharp (intracellular) versus patch electrodes for measuring the65
4.5 Background currents which flow through voltage-gated channels open at resting membrane potential67
Further reading67
Chapter 5. The Voltage-Gated Channels of Na+ Action Potentials69
5.1 Properties of action potentials69
5.2 The depolarization phase of Na+-dependent action potentials results from the transient entry of71
5.3 The repolarization phase of the sodium-dependent action potential results from Na+ channel inact87
5.4 Sodium-dependent action potentials are initiated at the axon initial segment in response to a me94
Appendix 5.1 Current clamp recording99
Appendix 5.2 Voltage clamp recording101
Appendix 5.3 Patch clamp recording102
Further reading109
Chapter 6. The Voltage-Gated Channels of Ca2+ Action Potentials: Generalization111
6.1 Properties of Ca2+-dependent action potentials111
6.2 The depolarizing or plateau phase of Ca2+-dependent action potentials results from the transient112
6.3 The repolarization phase of Ca2+-dependent action potentials results from the activation of K+ c123
6.4 Calcium-dependent action potentials are initiated in axon terminals or in dendrites128
6.5 A note on voltage-gated channels and action potentials131
Appendix 6.1 Fluorescence measurements of intracellular Ca2+ concentration131
Appendix 6.2 Tail currents139
Further reading140
Chapter 7. The Chemical Synapses142
7.1 The synaptic complex’s three components: presynaptic element, synaptic cleft and postsynaptic142
7.2 The interneuronal synapses149
7.3 The neuromuscular junction is the group of synaptic contacts between the terminal arborization o152
7.4 The synapse between the vegetative postganglionic neuron and the smooth muscle cell156
7.5 Example of a neuroglandular synapse159
7.6 Summary160
Appendix 7.1 Neurotransmitters, agonists and antagonists160
Appendix 7.2 Identification and localization of neurotransmitters and their receptors162
Further reading167
Chapter 8. Neurotransmitter Release169
8.1 Observations and questions169
8.2 Presynaptic processes I: From presynaptic spike to [Ca2+]i increase174
8.3 Presynaptic processes II: From [Ca2+]i increase to synaptic vesicle fusion180
8.4 Processes in the synaptic cleft: from transmitter release in the cleft to transmitter clearance188
8.5 Summary191
Appendix 8.1 Quantal nature of neurotransmitter release193
Appendix 8.2 The probabilistic nature of neurotransmitter release194
Further reading198
Part 2: Ionotropic and Metabotropic Receptors in Synaptic Transmission and Sensory Transduction199
Chapter 9. The Ionotropic Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors201
9.1 Observations202
9.2 The torpedo or muscle nicotinic receptor of acetylcholine is a heterologous pentamer α2βγδ202
9.3 Binding of two acetylcholine molecules favours conformational change of the protein towards the208
9.4 The nicotinic receptor desensitizes214
9.5 nAChR-mediated synaptic transmission at the neuromuscular junction217
9.6 Nicotinic transmission pharmacology221
9.7 Summary223
Appendix 9.1 The neuronal nicotinic receptors224
Further reading225
Chapter 10. The Ionotropic GABAA Receptor227
10.1 Observations and questions227
10.2 GABAA receptors are hetero-oligomeric proteins with a structural heterogeneity227
10.3 Binding of two GABA molecules leads to a conformational change of the GABAA receptor into an op230
10.4 Pharmacology of the GABAA receptor237
10.5 GABAA-mediated synaptic transmission243
10.6 Summary249
Appendix 10.1 Mean open time and mean burst duration of the GABAA single-channel current249
Further reading250
Chapter 11. The Ionotropic Glutamate Receptors251
11.1 The three different types of ionotropic glutamate receptors have a common structure and partici251
11.2 AMPA receptors are an ensemble of cationic receptor-channels with different permeabilities to C253
11.3 Kainate receptors are an ensemble of cationic receptor channels with different permeabilities t257
11.4 NMDA receptors are cationic receptor-channels highly permeable to Ca2+ ions; they are blocked b259
11.5 Synaptic responses to glutamate are mediated by NMDA and non-NMDA receptors267
11.6 Summary272
Further reading272
Chapter 12. Ionotropic Mechanoreceptors: the Mechanosensitive Channels274
12.1 Mechanoreception in sensory neurons is associated with the production of a receptor potential274
12.2 Discovery of mechanosensitive ion channels provided a potential molecular mechanism for mechano274
12.3 Structural basis for the mechanical gating of ion channels275
12.4 Classification of stretch-sensitive ion channels276
12.5 Mechanosensitive ion channels and mechanotransduction278
12.6 Osmoreceptors in the central nervous system278
12.7 Osmoreception in magnocellular neurosecretory cells281
12.8 Conclusions284
Further reading286
Chapter 13. The Metabotropic GABAB Receptors287
13.1 GABAB receptors were originally discovered because of their insensitivity to bicuculline and th287
13.2 Structure of the GABAB receptor288
13.3 GABAB receptors are G-protein-coupled to a variety of different effector mechanisms292
13.4 The functional role of GABAB receptors in synaptic activity308
13.5 Summary312
Further reading313
Chapter 14. The Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors314
14.1 What is the receptor underlying glutamate-stimulated PI hydrolysis? – The cloning of metabotr314
14.2 How do metabotropic glutamate receptors carry out their function? – Structure–function stud315
14.3 What biochemical means do metabotropic glutamate receptors utilize to elicit physiological chan317
14.4 What are the functions of metabotropic glutamate receptors in the nervous system? – Physiolog319
14.5 How are metabotropic glutamate receptors specifically localized in neurons to execute their fun323
14.6 How is the activity of metabotropic glutamate receptors modulated? – Studies of mGluR desensi324
14.7 Summary325
Further reading325
Chapter 15. The Metabotropic Olfactory Receptors327
15.1 The olfactory receptor cells are sensory neurons located in the olfactory neuroepithelium327
15.2 The response of olfactory receptor neurons to odours is a membrane depolarization which elicits329
15.3 Odorants bind to a family of G-protein-linked receptors which activate adenylate cyclase330
15.4 cAMP opens a cyclic nucleotide-gated channel and generates an inward current332
15.5 The odorant-evoked inward current evokes a membrane depolarization that spreads electronically343
15.6 Conclusions345
Further reading345
Part 3: Somato-Dendritic Processing and Plasticity of Postsynaptic Potentials347
Chapter 16. Somato-Dendritic Processing of Postsynaptic Potentials. I: Passive Properties of Dendrit349
16.1 Propagation of excitatory and inhibitory postsynaptic potentials through the dendritic arboriza350
16.2 Summation of excitatory and inhibitory postsynaptic potentials351
16.3 Summary354
Further reading355
Chapter 17. Subliminal Voltage-Gated Currents of the Somato-Dendritic Membrane358
17.1 Observations and questions358
17.2 The subliminal voltage-gated currents that depolarize the membrane359
17.3 The subliminal voltage-gated currents that hyperpolarize the membrane367
17.4 Conclusions372
Further reading372
Chapter 18. Somato-Dendritic Processing of Postsynaptic Potentials. II. Role of Subliminal Depolariz374
18.1 Persistent Na+ channels are present in soma and dendrites of neocortical neurons; INaP boosts E374
18.2 T-type Ca2+ channels are present in dendrites of neocortical neurons; ICaT boosts EPSPs in ampl378
18.3 The hyperpolarization-activated cationic current Ih is present in dendrites of hippocampa pyram382
18.4 Functional consequences386
18.5 Conclusions386
Further reading387
Chapter 19. Somato-Dendritic Processing of Postsynaptic Potentials. III. Role of High-Voltage-Activa388
19.1 High-voltage-activated Na+ and/or Ca2+ channels are present in the dendritic membrane of some C390
19.2 High-voltage-activated Ca2+ channels are present in the dendritic membrane of some CNS neurons,398
19.3 Functional consequences403
19.4 Conclusions405
Further reading406
Chapter 20. Firing Patterns of Neurons407
20.1 Medium spiny neurons of the neostriatum are silent neurons that respond with a long latency407
20.2 Inferior olivary cells are silent neurons that can oscillate410
20.3 Purkinje cells are pacemaker neurons that respond by a complex spike followed by a period of si414
20.4 Thalamic and subthalamic neurons are pacemaker neurons with two intrinsic firing modes: a tonic417
Further reading423
Chapter 21. Synaptic Plasticity424
21.1 Short-term potentiation (STP) of a cholinergic synaptic response as an example of short-term pl424
21.2 Long-term potentiation (LTP) of a glutamatergic synaptic response: example of the glutamatergic425
21.3 The long-term depression (LTD) of a glutamatergic response: example of the response of Purkinje437
Further reading448
Part 4: Activity and Development of Networks: The Hippocampus as an Example449
Chapter 22. The Adult Hippocampal Network451
22.1 Observations and questions451
22.2 The hippocampal circuitry453
22.3 Activation of interneurons evoke inhibitory GABAergic responses in postsynaptic pyramidal cells456
22.4 Activation of principal cells evokes excitatory glutamatergic responses in postsynaptic interne462
22.5 Oscillations in the hippocampal network: example of sharp waves (SPW)466
22.6 Summary467
Further reading470
Chapter 23. Maturation of the Hippocampal Network472
23.1 GABAergic neurons and GABAergic synapses develop prior to glutamatergic ones472
23.2 GABAA- and GABAB-mediated responses differ in developing and mature brains476
23.3 Network-driven giant depolarizing potentials (GDPs) provide most of the synaptic activity in th480
23.4 Hypotheses on the role of the sequential expression of GABA- and glutamate-mediated currents an483
23.5 Conclusions483
Further reading484
Index485

Book details

Vendor Elsevier S & T
SKU 9780123116253
ISBN-13 9780080545967
Author Hammond, Constance
Edition 2nd
Category Medical
Subject Neuroscience

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This Second Edition is the new, thoroughly revised edition of the established and well-respected authoritative text in the field. Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology is hypothesis-driven and firmly based on numerous experiments performed by experts in the field. Seven new chapters (five new and two totally rewritten) complement and expand on the First Edition and are written in a way that encourages students to ask questions. Additionally, new, groundbreaking research data on dendritic processing is presented in a very easy-to-understand format.

Key Features:
* Ionic basis of neuronal excitability
* Synaptic transmission and sensory transduction
* Dentritic rocessing of afferent information
* Activity and development of neuronal network

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