Chemical Bioavailability in Terrestrial Environments
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Table of contents
- Cover
- Contentsv
- List of contributorsix
- Prefacexv
- Chapter 1. Chemical bioavailability in terrestrial environments1
- 1.1 Introduction1
- 1.2 Conclusion5
- References5
- A: Bioavailability - new concepts and definitions7
- Chapter 2. Contaminant chemistry in soils: key concepts and bioavailability9
- 2.1 Introduction9
- 2.2 Nature and sources of contaminants11
- 2.3 Contaminant interactions in soil16
- 2.4 Key soil properties influencing chemical bioavailability in soils20
- 2.5 Accessibility to contaminants bound to soil determines biodegradation of contaminants32
- 2.6 Concluding remarks32
- References33
- Chapter 3. Bioavailability: definition, assessment and implications for risk assessment39
- 3.1 Introduction39
- 3.2 Definition of bioavailability40
- 3.3 Methods for the assessment of contaminant bioavailability43
- 3.4 Bioavailability implications to risk assessment47
- References49
- Chapter 4. Bioavailability: the underlying basis for risk-based land management53
- 4.1 Introduction53
- 4.2 Risk-based land management54
- 4.3 Bioavailability and risk management56
- 4.4 Risk management - policy57
- 4.5 Sources and definition of contamination58
- 4.6 Contaminant interaction58
- 4.7 Key contaminants59
- 4.8 Contaminant interaction varies with soil type60
- 4.9 Historical approach to remediation61
- 4.10 Risk assessment63
- 4.11 Case study: As contaminated soil - application of risk-based land management68
- 4.12 Conclusion70
- References71
- Chapter 5. Bioavailability of sorbed pesticides to bacteria: an overview73
- 5.1 Introduction73
- 5.2 Sorption influences bioavailability73
- 5.3 Desorption-limited degradation75
- 5.4 Role of surfactant molecules76
- 5.5 Species-specific interactions and bioavailability76
- 5.6 Conclusion80
- References80
- Chapter 6. Mechanistic Approach for Bioavailability of Chemicals in Soil83
- 6.1 Introduction83
- 6.2 Soil and rhizosphere system84
- 6.3 Rhizosphere, a competitive environment85
- 6.4 Food web complications89
- 6.5 Spatiotemporal variability of exposure90
- 6.6 Conceptual simplifications94
- Acknowledgement95
- References95
- B: The role of chemical speciation in bioavailability97
- Chapter 7. Frontiers in assessing the role of chemical speciation and natural attenuation on the Bio99
- 7.1 Introduction99
- 7.2 Isotopic dilution techniques102
- 7.3 Microbeam synchrotron X-ray fluorescence of human teeth106
- 7.4 XANES and XRF studies of Cr speciation in particulate matter112
- 7.5 XANES and EXAFS analyses of As in soils119
- 7.6 Complementary spectroscopic analyses of lacustrine sediments123
- 7.7 Summary131
- Acknowledgements132
- References134
- Chapter 8. Process-based approach in the study of bioavailability of ions in soils137
- 8.1 Introduction137
- 8.2 Donnan membrane technique139
- 8.3 Multisurface models146
- 8.4 Competition between ions for uptake152
- 8.5 Ion transport and bioavailability158
- 8.6 Outlook for future research162
- Acknowledgement163
- Reference163
- Chapter 9. DGT measurements to predict metal bioavailability in soils169
- 9.1 Introduction169
- 9.2 Theoretical background170
- 9.3 Experimental procedures174
- 9.4 Example case studies of DGT application176
- 9.5 Conclusion183
- References184
- Chapter 10. Organic contaminant speciation and bioavailability in the terrestrial environment187
- 10.1 Introduction187
- 10.2 Speciation, toxicity and abundance in soils188
- 10.3 Bioavailability of organic compounds in soil - definitions and measurement202
- 10.4 Factors influencing compound bioavailability210
- 10.5 Bioavailability and uptake in organisms214
- 10.6 Implications for risk based corrective action220
- References220
- C: Bioavailability and ecotoxicity of contaminants231
- Chapter 11. Bioavailability and toxicity of contaminant mixtures to soil biota233
- 11.1 Introduction233
- 11.2 Impact on microbiological processes234
- 11.3 Pollutant tolerance and adaptation of microorganisms235
- 11.4 Degradation products may be more toxic than parent chemicals236
- 11.5 Toxicity at long-term total petroleum hydrocarbon contaminated site - No single bioassay is ade237
- 11.6 Toxicity of organic (atrazine) and inorganic (copper) combination to soil biota238
- 11.7 Approaches for bioremediation of co-contaminated soils239
- 11.8 Conclusion240
- Acknowledgement241
- References241
- Chapter 12. Bioavailability in soil: the role of invertebrate behaviour245
- 12.1 Introduction245
- 12.2 Invertebrates as active players in the context of soil contamination247
- 12.3 Practical use of soil invertebrate behaviour: the earthworm avoidance test254
- 12.4 Avoidance tests in environmental risk assessment256
- 12.5 Outlook257
- References258
- Chapter 13. Relationship between biochemical activity and metal concentration in soil amended with s261
- 13.1 Introduction261
- 13.2 Acute effects of sewage sludge on soil biochemical properties262
- 13.3 Chronic effects of sewage sludge on soil biochemical properties266
- 13.4 What is the relationship between metal concentration and soil biochemical activity?274
- References276
- D: Bioavailability of nutrients and agrichemicals281
- Chapter 14. Techniques for assessing nutrient bioavailability in soils: Current and future issues283
- 14.1 Introduction283
- 14.2 Conceptual models of nutrient availability in soil284
- 14.3 Applied tools for assessing and removing soil mineral constraints to crop production291
- 14.4 Applied tools for assessing soil management threats to water quality300
- 14.5 Research tools for building a fundamental understanding of the quantity, form and dynamics of p303
- 14.6 Future directions318
- References320
- Chapter 15. The role of inhibitors in the bioavailability and mitigation of nitrogen losses in grass329
- 15.1 Introduction329
- 15.2 Issues329
- 15.3 Sources of nitrogen input in grazed pastures331
- 15.4 Nitrogen dynamics in pasture soils334
- 15.5 Environmental impact of N losses337
- 15.6 Inhibitors in nitrogen cycle340
- 15.7 Bioavailability of N with inhibitors347
- 15.8 Effect of inhibitors on N losses349
- 15.9 Conclusions355
- References356
- Chapter 16. Assessment of phosphorus bioavailability from organic wastes in soil363
- 16.1 Introduction363
- 16.2 Phosphorus compounds in soil environment365
- 16.3 Soil factors influencing phosphorus bioavailability372
- 16.4 Fractionation of soil phosphorus387
- 16.5 Phosphorus in organic residues390
- 16.6 Phosphorus compounds recovered from sludges397
- 16.7 Conclusions403
- Acknowledgement404
- References404
- Chapter 17. Biological transformation and bioavailability of nutrient elements in acid soils as affe413
- 17.1 Introduction413
- 17.2 Processes of acid generation in soils415
- 17.3 Biological transformation of nutrients in soils418
- 17.4 Soil acidity and bioavailability of nutrients427
- 17.5 Liming and bioavailability of nutrients428
- 17.6 Conclusions and future research needs436
- References438
- E: Tools to assess bioavailability447
- Chapter 18. Contaminant concentrations in organisms as indicators of bioavailability: a review of ki449
- 18.1 Introduction449
- 18.2 Toxicokinetic interpretation of residues451
- 18.3 Target species for residue analysis458
- 18.4 Confounding factors464
- 18.5 Contaminants in food-webs468
- 18.6 Conclusions471
- References471
- Chapter 19. Biological tools to assess contaminant bioavailability in soils479
- 19.1 Introduction479
- 19.2 Bioavailability482
- 19.3 Factors affecting bioavailability of contaminants in soil482
- 19.4 Assessment of contaminant bioavailability in soil483
- 19.5 Biological tools for assessment of contaminant bioavailability485
- 19.6 Conclusion490
- References491
- Chapter 20 Chemical Methods for Assessing Contaminant Bioavailability in Soils495
- 20.1 Introduction495
- 20.2 Solid-phase chemical fractionation496
- 20.3 Concluding remarks513
- References514
- Chapter 21. Microbial activities, monitoring and application as part of a management strategy for he521
- 21.1 Introduction521
- 21.2 Heavy metal resistance in bacteria523
- 21.3 Methods for studying microbial community composition and activity531
- 21.4 Bioremediation processes based on microbial heavy metal detoxification mechanisms541
- 21.5 Conclusions547
- References548
- Chapter 22. DNA adduct analysis of environmental DNA: a potential method to assess the in situ bioav561
- 22.1 Introduction561
- 22.2 Materials and methods562
- 22.3 Results and discussion564
- 22.4 Conclusions and future work567
- Acknowledgements567
- References567
- Chapter 23. Can bioavailability assays predict the efficacy of PAH bioremediation?569
- 23.1 Introduction569
- 23.2 PAH sequestration and ageing571
- 23.3 Determination of contaminant bioavailability573
- 23.4 Non-exhaustive extractants575
- 23.5 Predicting PAH biodegradation using bioavailability assays583
- 23.6 Conclusion584
- Acknowledgement585
- References585
- Chapter 24. The application of fibre optic chemical sensors for heavy metal monitoring in contaminat589
- 24.1 Introduction589
- 24.2 Fibre optic chemical sensors: general characteristics590
- 24.3 Development of heavy metal sensors593
- 24.4 Challenges for application to real-life monitoring597
- 24.5 Conclusions598
- References598
- F: The role of bioavailability in risk assessment and remediation601
- Chapter 25. Concept for risk assessment of soil contaminants based on total and bioavailable concent603
- 25.1 Introduction603
- 25.2 Soil, soil fertility and soil quality604
- 25.3 Characterisation of soil contamination605
- 25.4 Concept for setting up three levels of standard values608
- 25.5 Methodological foundations614
- 25.6 Accuracy and limitations in the derivation of standard values627
- 25.7 Conclusions628
- References629
- Chapter 26. Contaminants in the rootzone: bioavailability, uptake and transport, and their implicati633
- 26.1 Introduction633
- 26.2 Clonal variation in the bioavailability of cadmium635
- 26.3 Boron uptake from contaminated sawdust by a poplar636
- 26.4 Consequences of chelation for enhancing copper extraction by plants642
- 26.5 Distributed uptake across the root system647
- 26.6 Modelling and parameterising biophysical transport mechanisms649
- 26.7 Prognosis652
- Acknowledgement654
- References654
- Chapter 27. Manipulating bioavailability to manage remediation of metal-contaminated soils657
- 27.1 Introduction657
- 27.2 Sources of heavy metals659
- 27.3 Dynamics of heavy metals in soils659
- 27.4 Definition and indicators of bioavailability661
- 27.5 Indicators of bioavailability662
- 27.6 Soil amendments for metal (im)mobilization664
- 27.7 Conclusions673
- References674
- Chapter 28. The value of nitrilotriacetate in chelate-assisted phytoremediation679
- 28.1 Introduction679
- 28.2 Effect of NTA on metal solubility in clay suspension solutions and in soils682
- 28.3 Influence of NTA on metal uptake by tobacco in hydroponic culture684
- 28.4 Influence of NTA on metal uptake from nutrient solution with montmorillonite689
- 28.5 Pot and field Experiments690
- 28.6 Conclusion691
- Acknowledgements693
- References694
- Chapter 29. EDTA-assisted phytostabilization by barley roots contaminated with heavy metals697
- 29.1 Introduction697
- 29.2 Materials and methods699
- 29.3 Results and discussion702
- 29.4 Future research dealing with chelate-assisted phytoremediation714
- 29.5 Conclusion716
- Acknowledgement716
- References716
- Chapter 30. Land reclamation using earthworms in metal contaminated soils719
- 30.1 Introduction719
- 30.2 The use of earthworms for land reclamation720
- 30.3 The role of earthworms in reclaiming heavy metal contaminated soils722
- 30.4 Trials of earthworm inoculation for the reclamation of Pb/Zn mine tailings from Lechang (China)728
- 30.5 Conclusion729
- Acknowledgements730
- References731
This book begins with an overview of current thinking on bioavailability, its definition, cutting-edge research in speciation and advancement in tools for assessing chemical bioavailability in the terrestrial environment. The second section of the book focuses on the role of chemical speciation in bioavailability. Section three addresses bioavailability and ecotoxicity of contaminants and leads into the next section on bioavailability of nutrients and agrichemicals. Subsequent sections provide an overview of tools currently being used and new cutting-edge techniques to assess contaminant bioavailability. The last section of the book builds on previous sections in relating bioavailability to risk assessment and how this could be used for managing risks associated with contaminated land.
* Provides the latest information on developing concepts and definitions of bioavailability
* Includes a discussion of bioavailability and ecotoxicity of contaminants and bioavailability of nutrients and agrichemicals for applications in agriculture
* Analyzes tools for assessing bioavailability and the role of bioavailability in risk assessment and remediation
* Provides the latest information on developing concepts and definitions of bioavailability
* Includes a discussion of bioavailability and ecotoxicity of contaminants and bioavailability of nutrients and agrichemicals for applications in agriculture
* Analyzes tools for assessing bioavailability and the role of bioavailability in risk assessment and remediation