Coal Energy Systems
Regular price
41.760 KD
inc. VAT
Couldn't load pickup availability
Table of contents
- Cover
- Contentsvii
- Prefacexiii
- 1. Introduction to Coal1
- What is Coal?1
- Origin of Coal1
- Coalification2
- Classification of Coal4
- Basic Coal Analysis5
- Rank of Coal6
- Coal Type7
- Grade of Coal8
- Classification Systems8
- Coal Distribution and Resources12
- Coal Reserves in the World13
- Major Coal-Producing Regions in the World17
- References26
- 2. Past, Present, and Future Role of Coal29
- The Use of Coal in the Pre-Industrial Revolution Era29
- Early History of United States Coal Mining and Use31
- The Use of Coal during the Industrial Revolution31
- Post-Industrial Revolution Use of Coal33
- Overview of Energy in the United States33
- Coal Production in the United States39
- Synthetic Coal48
- Coal Consumption in the United States48
- U.S. Coal Exports and Imports50
- World Primary Energy Production and Consumption51
- World Primary Energy Production54
- World Primary Energy Consumption58
- Future Projections of Energy Use and Coal’s Contribution to the Energy Mix61
- World Energy Consumption of Oil61
- World Energy Consumption of Natural Gas63
- World Energy Consumption of Coal63
- World Energy Consumption of Nuclear Energy69
- World Energy Consumption of Renewable Energy69
- Energy Outlook for the United States70
- Role of Coal in the United States’ 2001 Energy Policy72
- References75
- 3. The Effect of Coal Usage on Human Health and the Environment77
- Coal Mining78
- Underground Mining79
- Surface Mining86
- Legislation/Reclamation89
- Coal Preparation90
- Water Contamination from Preparation Plants92
- Air Contamination from Preparation Plants92
- Refuse Contaminants from Preparation Plants93
- Health and Safety Issues93
- Coal Transportation95
- Coal Combustion By-Products (CCB)95
- Emissions from Coal Combustion97
- Sulfur Oxides97
- Nitrogen Oxides (NOx)100
- Particulate Matter (PM)103
- Organic Compounds105
- Carbon Monoxide106
- Trace Elements107
- Greenhouse Gases: Carbon Dioxide114
- References118
- 4. Coal-Fired Emissions and Legislative Action in the United States123
- Major Coal-Related Health Episodes123
- Pre-Industrial Revolution124
- Post-Industrial Revolution124
- History of Legislative Action for Coal-Fired Power Plants125
- Pre-1970 Legislation126
- Clean Air Act Amendments of 1970128
- Clean Air Act Amendments of 1977 and Prevention of Significant Deterioration139
- Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990141
- Additional NOx Regulations and Trading Programs149
- New Source Review152
- Impending Legislation and Pollutants under Consideration for Regulation155
- Emissions Legislation in other Countries162
- Sulfur Dioxide162
- Nitrogen Oxides164
- Particulate Matter169
- Trace Elements/Mercury170
- Carbon Dioxide171
- Air Quality and Coal-Fired Emissions173
- Six Principal Pollutants175
- Acid Rain184
- Hazardous Air Pollutants187
- Carbon Dioxide (CO2)189
- References191
- 5. Technologies for Coal Utilization195
- Coal Combustion195
- Brief History of Boilers and Coal Combustion Systems196
- Basic Steam Fundamentals and Their Application to Boiler Development204
- Chemistry of Coal Combustion207
- Coal Combustion Systems212
- Influence of Coal Properties on Utility Boiler Design229
- Carbonization237
- Brief History of Carbonization (High-Temperature)238
- Coking Processes239
- Coal Properties for Coke Production241
- Coking Conditions242
- Low-Temperature Carbonization243
- Gasification246
- Brief History of Coal Gasification247
- Principles of Coal Gasification248
- Gasifier Types249
- Influence of Coal Properties on Gasification253
- Regional Distribution of Gasification Systems255
- Commercial Gasification Systems256
- Liquefaction267
- The Beginning of the Synthetic Fuel Industry269
- Indirect Liquefaction: Fischer–Tropsch Synthesis271
- Direct Liquefaction273
- References278
- 6. Emissions Control Strategies for Power Plants283
- Currently Regulated Emissions284
- Sulfur Dioxide (SO2)284
- Nitrogen Oxides (NOx)322
- Particulate Matter347
- Pollutants with Pending Compliance Regulation369
- Mercury369
- Potential Future Regulated Emissions375
- Carbon Dioxide376
- Multipollutant Control382
- ECO Process383
- Airborne Process384
- LoTOx Process384
- Mobotec Systems385
- Others385
- References385
- 7. Future Power Generation (Near-Zero Emissions During Electricity Generation)393
- Clean Coal Technology Demonstration Program395
- Clean Coal Technology Program Evolution395
- CCT Program Funding and Costs396
- CCT Program Projects397
- CCT Program Accomplishments418
- Power Plant Improvement Initiative (PPII)422
- PPII Projects423
- Benefits of the PPII424
- Clean Coal Power Initiative (CCPI)424
- Program Importance425
- Round 1 CCPI Projects427
- CCPI Benefits431
- Vision 21432
- Vision 21 Technologies434
- Vision 21 Benefits435
- FutureGen435
- Benefits of the DOE’s Clean Coal Power Program/Demonstrations437
- References439
- 8. Coal’s Role in Providing United States Energy Security445
- Overview of U.S. Energy Security Issues446
- National Energy Plan and Coal Utilization448
- Energy Conservation/Efficiency449
- Diversity of Fuel Sources449
- Environmental Protection450
- Technological Innovations450
- Global Alliances and Markets450
- The Role of Coal in the National Energy Plan450
- Energy and the Economy451
- Natural Gas Use in Power Generation454
- The Potential of Coal to Reduce U.S. Dependency on Imported Crude Oil456
- The Resurgence of Coal in Electric Power Generation458
- Production of Hydrogen from Coal459
- The Role of Coal in Providing Security to the U.S. Food Supply462
- Coal’s Role in International Energy Security and Sustainable Development464
- Concluding Statements467
- References468
- Appendix A. Coal-Fired Emission Factors473
- Appendix B. Original List of Hazardous Air Pollutants499
- Appendix C. Initial 263 Units Identified in Phase I (SO2) of the Acid Rain Program505
- Appendix D. Commercial Gasification Facilities Worldwide509
- Index513
Coal is currently a major energy source in the United States as well as throughout the world, especially among many developing countries, and will continue to be so for many years. Fossil fuels will continue to be the dominant energy source for fueling the United States economy, with coal playing a major role for decades.
Coal provides stability in price and availability, will continue to be a major source of electricity generation, will be the major source of hydrogen for the coming hydrogen economy, and has the potential to become an important source of liquid fuels. Conservation and renewable/sustainable energy are important in the overall energy picture, but will play a lesser role in helping us satisfy our energy demands.
This book is a single source covering many coal-related subjects of interest ranging from explaining what coal is, where it is distributed and quantities it can be found in throughout the world, technical and policy issues regarding the use of coal, technologies used and under development for utilizing coal to produce heat, electricity, and chemicals with low environmental impact, vision for untilizing coal well into the 21st century, and the security coal presents.
* Presents coal's increasing role in providing energy independence to nations
* Covers current energy usage, environmental issues, and coal energy technologies
* Provides a comprehensive discussion of technical and policy issues regarding the use of coal
Coal provides stability in price and availability, will continue to be a major source of electricity generation, will be the major source of hydrogen for the coming hydrogen economy, and has the potential to become an important source of liquid fuels. Conservation and renewable/sustainable energy are important in the overall energy picture, but will play a lesser role in helping us satisfy our energy demands.
This book is a single source covering many coal-related subjects of interest ranging from explaining what coal is, where it is distributed and quantities it can be found in throughout the world, technical and policy issues regarding the use of coal, technologies used and under development for utilizing coal to produce heat, electricity, and chemicals with low environmental impact, vision for untilizing coal well into the 21st century, and the security coal presents.
* Presents coal's increasing role in providing energy independence to nations
* Covers current energy usage, environmental issues, and coal energy technologies
* Provides a comprehensive discussion of technical and policy issues regarding the use of coal