Compostable Polymer Materials
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Table of contents
- Contentsv
- Prefacevii
- Symbols and abbreviationsxi
- CHAPTER 1 Introduction3
- 1.1 Situation in Europe4
- 1.2 Situation in the United States6
- 1.3 Situation in other regions of the world6
- References7
- CHAPTER 2 Compostable polymer materials – definitions, structures and methods of preparation11
- 2.1 Biodegradable polymers from renewable resources14
- 2.2 Other compostable polymers from renewable resources25
- 2.3 Biodegradable polymers from petrochemical sources28
- References35
- CHAPTER 3 Properties and applications39
- 3.1 Biodegradable polymers from renewable resources39
- 3.2 Biodegradable polymers from petrochemical sources52
- 3.3 Blends60
- 3.4 Summary63
- References64
- CHAPTER 4 Thermal and thermooxidative degradation73
- 4.1 Biodegradable polymers from renewable resources73
- 4.2 Biodegradable polymers from petrochemical sources77
- 4.3 Blends79
- 4.4 Summary of thermal stability of compostable polymer materials80
- References83
- CHAPTER 5 Composting methods and legislation89
- 5.1 Composting definitions89
- 5.2 Composting process and methods89
- 5.3 Composting of biodegradable polymers98
- 5.4 Labelling systems in different regions103
- 5.5 Cooperation between certification and labelling systems108
- References109
- CHAPTER 6 Biodegradability testing of compostable polymer materials113
- 6.1 Definitions related to biodegradation testing113
- 6.2 International standards related to composting115
- 6.3 Principles of main standards related to composting and biodegradability testing117
- 6.4 Composting at laboratory scale123
- 6.5 Biodegradability testing methods127
- 6.6 Biodegradation of biodegradable polymers from renewable resources130
- 6.7 Biodegradation of biodegradable polymers from petrochemical sources142
- 6.8 Biodegradation of blends153
- 6.9 Summary of composting159
- References159
- CHAPTER 7 Ecotoxicological assessment169
- 7.1 Introduction169
- 7.2 Definitions170
- 7.3 Methods170
- 7.4 Compostable polymers ecotoxicity testing176
- 7.5 Conclusions177
- References180
- CHAPTER 8 Environmental impact of compostable polymer materials183
- 8.1 Introduction183
- 8.2 Life cycle assessment methodology183
- 8.3 Life cycle assessment of poly(lactic acid)186
- 8.4 Polyhydroxyalkanoates187
- 8.5 Starch-based polymers191
- 8.6 Blends192
- 8.7 Overview194
- 8.8 Conclusions197
- References198
- CHAPTER 9 Perspectives203
- 9.1 Price evolution203
- 9.2 Capacity204
- 9.3 Legislation initiatives204
- 9.4 Demand estimation206
- 9.5 Conclusions207
- References208
- Index209
- A209
- B209
- C209
- D209
- E210
- F210
- G210
- I210
- L210
- M210
- O210
- P210
- R211
- S211
- T211
- U211
- V211
- W211
The book deals with an environmentally important family of polymers designed to be disposed of in industrial and municipal compost facilities after their useful life. These compostable plastics undergo degradation and leave no visible, distinguishable or toxic residue. Environmental concerns and legislative measures taken in different regions of the world make composting an increasingly attractive route for the disposal of redundant polymers.
This book provides up-to-date results and information about compostable polymer materials in a coherent and comprehensive manner. It covers the entire spectrum of preparation, properties, degradation, and environmental issues. The emphasis is on recent studies concerning compostability and ecotoxicological assessment of polymer materials--important issues from the ecological point of view. Moreover, the thermal behavior of compostable polymers is described. Their price evolution over the past decade, an estimation of the market and future perspectives are presented.
- Focus on the composting process, compostability standards, compost quality and composting studies
- Coherent and uniformly presented information about methods of preparation; properties, processing and applications
- Up-to-date information on ecotoxicity testing and studies of polymers
- Overview of thermal stability and thermal degradation process of compostable polymer materials
- Presents future perspectives of compostable polymers, including evolution of price during last decade
- Information about waste management evolution in Europe, USA and Asia (China) with emphasis on composting during the last decade
This book provides up-to-date results and information about compostable polymer materials in a coherent and comprehensive manner. It covers the entire spectrum of preparation, properties, degradation, and environmental issues. The emphasis is on recent studies concerning compostability and ecotoxicological assessment of polymer materials--important issues from the ecological point of view. Moreover, the thermal behavior of compostable polymers is described. Their price evolution over the past decade, an estimation of the market and future perspectives are presented.
- Focus on the composting process, compostability standards, compost quality and composting studies
- Coherent and uniformly presented information about methods of preparation; properties, processing and applications
- Up-to-date information on ecotoxicity testing and studies of polymers
- Overview of thermal stability and thermal degradation process of compostable polymer materials
- Presents future perspectives of compostable polymers, including evolution of price during last decade
- Information about waste management evolution in Europe, USA and Asia (China) with emphasis on composting during the last decade