Creatine and Creatine Phosphate: Scientific and Clinical Perspectives
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Table of contents
- Creatine and Creatine Phosphate: Scientific and Clinical Perspectivesi
- Copyright Pageiv
- Contentsv
- List of Contributorsix
- A Brief Review of the Sectionsxi
- Prefacexiii
- Acknowledgementsxiv
- Section I: Basic Biochemistry of Creatine and Creatine Phosphate1
- Chapter 1. Old and New Ideas on the Roles of Phosphagens and their Kinases3
- 1. Historical introduction to phosphagen kinases3
- 2. Physiological functions of phosphagen kinases5
- 3. Use of creatine kinase by the biochemist and physiologist8
- 4. The phosphoglycerate kinase-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) method9
- 5. Comparison of the free ADP concentration estimated by different methods10
- 6. Determination of the amount of ADP irreversibly bound to structural protein in the domestic fowl11
- References13
- Chapter 2. Creatine Phosphate Shuttle Pathway in Tissues with Dynamic Energy Demand17
- 1. Creatine phosphate shuttle hypothesis: cytosolic and mitochondrial CK serve as components of the17
- 2. CK in specialized cells: biochemical, physiological and immunological characterization19
- 3. Subcellular localization of CK22
- 4. Structure-function analysis of CK23
- 5. Targeted modification of CK25
- 6. Future applications26
- 7. Summary27
- Acknowledgements28
- References28
- Chapter 3. Experimental Observations of Creatine and Creatine Phosphate Metabolism33
- 1. Introduction33
- 2. NMR studies of ATP and creatine phosphate in the heart34
- 3. Creatine phosphate metabolism investigated with β-guanidinopropionic acid36
- 4. Creatine phosphate in skeletal muscle39
- 5. Creatine transport41
- 6. Summary46
- References46
- Chapter 4. An Introduction to the Cellular Creatine Kinase System in Contractile Tissue51
- 1. Introduction51
- 2. The creatine kinase system in different muscle types52
- 3. Skeletal muscle53
- 4. Cardiac muscle54
- 5. Smooth muscle59
- 6. Summary61
- References62
- Chapter 5. Cardiac Energetics: Compartmentation of Creatine Kinase and Regulation of Oxidative Phosp65
- 1. Introduction65
- 2. The role of the outer mitochondrial membrane in restricting ADP diffusion and controlling respira66
- 3. Metabolic oscillations in cytoplasm as a feedback signal72
- References76
- Chapter 6. The Role of the Creatine Kinase/Creatine Phosphate System Studied by Molecular Biology79
- 1. Introduction79
- 2. Transgenic knock-out80
- 3. Muscle performance80
- 4. Graded CK knock-out82
- 5. Transgenic overexpression86
- 6. Summary86
- Acknowledgements86
- References87
- Section II: Biochemical Basis for a Therapeutic Role of Creatine and Creatine Phosphate89
- Chapter 7. Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms of Action for the Cardioprotective and Therapeutic Role91
- 1. Introduction91
- 2. Pharmacological effects of exogenous PCr92
- 3. Calcium dependence of the anti-ischaemic effect of PCr94
- 4. Protection of the heart from oxidative damage96
- 5. Effects of PCr on phospholipid metabolism97
- 6. Other biochemical effects related to the uptake of PCr99
- 7. Pharmacokinetics of PCr uptake by different tissues100
- 8. Direct effect of PCr on the cell membrane100
- 9. The zwitterionic mechanism of action of PCr102
- 10. Attenuation of Adriamycin cardiotoxicity by exogenous PCr103
- 11. Extracellular effects of PCr108
- 12. Summary108
- References110
- Chapter 8. Effects of Creatine Phosphate on Cultured Cardiac Cells115
- 1. Introduction115
- 2. Protection by creatine phosphate against Adriamycin117
- 3. Summary119
- References123
- Section III: Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy of Creatine Phosphate in the Cardiovascular System125
- Chapter 9. Creatine Phosphate:in vivo Human Cardiac Metabolism Studied by Magnetic Resonance Spectro127
- 1. Introduction127
- 2. The normal heart: resting metabolism128
- 3. The normal heart: isotonic and isometric exercise131
- 4. Left ventricular hypertrophy137
- 5. Ischaemic heart disease143
- 6. Myocarditis and dilated cardiomyopathy148
- 7. Cardiac transplantation149
- 8. Creatine phosphate changes in tachycardia and rhythm disorders150
- 9. Hypoxaemic congenital heart disease151
- 10. Infiltrative conditions: amyloidosis and granulomatous cardiomyopathy151
- 11. Changes in creatine phosphate: the effects of drug therapy and diagnostic potential152
- 12. Summary153
- Acknowledgements153
- References153
- Chapter 10. Skeletal Muscle Metabolism in Heart Failure161
- 1. Background haemodynamic and oxygen consumption studies161
- 2. Abnormalities in muscle metabolism162
- 3. Peripheral blood flow during exercise: relationship to metabolic changes167
- 4. Skeletal muscle metabolism and blood flow in the calf muscle in controls and patients with heart171
- 5. Skeletal muscle metabolism during recovery from exercise173
- 6. Mechanisms of metabolic abnormalities in skeletal muscle in heart failure174
- 7. Reversing the changes in skeletal muscle metabolism in heart failure176
- 8. Summary178
- Acknowledgements178
- References178
- Section IV: Therapeutic Aspects of Creatine and Creatine Phosphate Metabolism183
- Chapter 11. Clinical Experience with Creatine Phosphate Therapy185
- I. Introduction185
- 2. Heart surgery186
- 3. Myocardial infarction189
- 4. Heart failure192
- 5. Summary195
- References196
- Chapter 12. Creatine Phosphate Added to St Thomas' Cardioplegia199
- 1. Introduction199
- 2. Experimental studies200
- 3. Results201
- 4. Clinical studies204
- 5. Results206
- 6. Discussion209
- 7. Summary213
- References213
- Chapter 13. Uses of Creatine Phosphate and Creatine Supplementation for the Athlete217
- 1. Introduction217
- 2. Experimental creatine supplementation218
- 3. Oral creatine supplementation219
- 4. Control of nucleotide loss221
- 5. Creatine phosphate221
- 6. Summary223
- Acknowledgements224
- References224
- Chapter 14. Creatine and Creatine Phosphate: Future Perspectives227
- 1. Future perspectives227
- References229
- Appendix231
- Assay for Creatine and Creatine Phosphate233
- Glossary237
- Index239
Creatine and Creatine Phosphate: Scientific and Clinical Perspectives is an up-to-date summary of both the scientific and medical aspects of creatine and creatine phosphate metabolism and therapy.
It covers in detail the basic biochemistry, bioenergetics and biophysics of these agents with particular emphasis on their role on the cardiovascular and muscle systems. Modern in vivo myocardial and skeletal muscle measurements are outlined, and the importance of the molecules in cardiovascular medicine, sport science and cardiac surgery are highlighted.
This book is designed for those interested in the basic scientific background to creatine and creatine phosphate, and also for physicians treating or studying heart and vascular disease. The book will also be vital for sports scientists who wish to acquire a comprehensive knowledge of the molecule which is currently being promoted for performance and exercise programmes.
It covers in detail the basic biochemistry, bioenergetics and biophysics of these agents with particular emphasis on their role on the cardiovascular and muscle systems. Modern in vivo myocardial and skeletal muscle measurements are outlined, and the importance of the molecules in cardiovascular medicine, sport science and cardiac surgery are highlighted.
This book is designed for those interested in the basic scientific background to creatine and creatine phosphate, and also for physicians treating or studying heart and vascular disease. The book will also be vital for sports scientists who wish to acquire a comprehensive knowledge of the molecule which is currently being promoted for performance and exercise programmes.