Elsevier S & T

Cytokines and the Brain

Phelps, Christopher P.

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Table of contents
  • Cover
  • Table of Contentsv
  • Forewordix
  • Prefacexv
  • In Memoriam – Christopher P. Phelps, PhDxvii
  • Obituaryxix
  • List of Contributorsxxvii
  • Part I. History1
  • Chapter 1 The History of Neuroimmune Biology3
  • ABSTRACT3
  • 1. INTRODUCTION4
  • 2. NEURAL REGULATION OF ALLERGY AND ASTHMA5
  • 3. NEUROENDOCRINE–IMMUNE INTERACTION8
  • 4. NEUROIMMUNE REGULATON IN HIGHER ORGANISMS9
  • 5. CONCLUDING REMARKS10
  • REFERENCES11
  • Part II. Cytokines in the Brain19
  • Section A. Cytokines, their Receptors and Signal Transduction in the Brain19
  • Chapter 2 Cytokine Receptors in the Brain21
  • ABSTRACT21
  • 1. BASAL AND INDUCED LEVELS OF CYTOKINES IN THE BRAIN21
  • 2. DISTRIBUTION OF CYTOKINE RECEPTORS22
  • 3. SIGNALING THROUGH CYTOKINE RECEPTORS IN THE BRAIN24
  • 4. FUNCTIONAL ROLES OF CYTOKINE AND CYTOKINE RECEPTORS IN THE BRAIN26
  • 5. CONCLUSIONS32
  • REFERENCES32
  • Chapter 3 Interleukin-1 and Corticotropin-Releasing Factor Receptors in the Hypothalamic–Pituitary39
  • ABSTRACT39
  • 1. INTRODUCTION39
  • 2. LOCALIZATION OF IL-1 RECEPTORS IN HYPOTHALAMUS40
  • 3. LOCALIZATION OF IL-1 RECEPTORS IN PITUITARY41
  • 4. MODULATION OF IL-1 RECEPTORS BY CRF IN THE HPA AXIS42
  • 5. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS49
  • ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS50
  • REFERENCES50
  • Chapter 4 Brain Interleukin-1β Expression and Action in the Absence of Neuropathology55
  • ABSTRACT55
  • 1. INTRODUCTION55
  • 2. BRAIN IL-1β EXPRESSION AND ACTION: CHARACTERISTICS AND PITFALLS56
  • 3. BRAIN IL-1β AND RECEPTOR EXPRESSION DURING DEVELOPMENT59
  • 4. CONSTITUTIVE BRAIN EXPRESSION OF IL-1β AND ITS RECEPTORS60
  • 5. ROLE OF CONSTITUTIVE BRAIN IL-1B IN LEARNING AND SLEEP REGULATION62
  • 6. BRAIN IL-1β PRODUCTION AND ACTION DURING STRESS64
  • 7. BRAIN IL-1β INDUCTION AND ACTION DURING THE ACUTE PHASE RESPONSE66
  • 8. CONCLUSIONS67
  • REFERENCES67
  • Chapter 5 Interleukin-1β Signal Transduction via the Sphingomyelin Pathway in Brain Cells79
  • ABSTRACT79
  • 1. INTRODUCTION79
  • 2. THE SPHINGOMYELIN PATHWAY OF INTERLEUKIN-1β SIGNALING81
  • 3. ACTIVATION OF NEUTRAL SPHINGOMYELINASE AND THE NECESSITY OF INTERLEUKIN-1β RECEPTOR TYPE I FOR S82
  • 4. CHANGES IN NEUTRAL SPHINGOMYELINASE ACTIVITY IN MEMBRANES OF NERVE AND IMMUNE-COMPETENT CELLS UND84
  • 5. MODULATORY EFFECTS OF GLUCOCORTICOID HORMONES AND SHORT PEPTIDES ON THE ACTIVITY OF NEUTRAL SPHIN85
  • 6. INTERLEUKIN-1β SIGNALING THROUGH THE SPHINGOMYELIN PATHWAY IN ASTROCYTES86
  • 7. CONCLUSIONS87
  • ACKNOWLEDGMENTS87
  • REFERENCES87
  • Chapter 6 Blood–Brain Barrier Transport of Cytokines93
  • ABSTRACT93
  • 1. INTRODUCTION93
  • 2. BLOOD-TO-BRAIN TRANSPORT94
  • 3. BRAIN-TO-BLOOD TRANSPORT96
  • 4. BEHAVIORAL EFFECTS OF CYTOKINES AND THE BBB96
  • 5. SPECIES SPECIFICITY98
  • 6. PHYSIOLOGICAL ALTERATIONS98
  • 7. PATHOLOGICAL ALTERATIONS IN TRANSPORT99
  • 8. OTHER CYTOKINE–BBB INTERACTIONS99
  • 9. CONCLUSIONS100
  • ACKNOWLEDGMENTS100
  • REFERENCES100
  • Section B. Cytokines in Brain Physiology109
  • Chapter 7 Cytokines in Synaptic Function111
  • ABSTRACT111
  • 1. INTRODUCTION112
  • 2. BASIC CONCEPTS AND PRINCIPLES OF SYNAPTIC TRANSMISSION113
  • 3. TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR-α115
  • 4. INTERLEUKINS118
  • 5. INTERFERONS120
  • 6. CHEMOKINES122
  • 7. IMPLICATIONS FOR DISEASES124
  • 8. G-PROTEINS127
  • 9. CONCLUDING REMARKS128
  • ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS129
  • REFERENCES129
  • Chapter 8 Interleukin-2 as a Neuroregulatory Cytokine145
  • ABSTRACT145
  • 1. INTRODUCTION145
  • 2. IL-2 AND IL-15: TWO CYTOKINES SHARING A HETEROMERIC RECEPTOR COMPLEX146
  • 3. EXPRESSION OF IL-2, IL-15, AND THEIR RECEPTORS IN THE CNS149
  • 4. EFFECTS ON NEURAL CELL GROWTH, SURVIVAL, AND DIFFERENTIATION151
  • 5. EFFECTS ON THE FIRING ACTIVITY AND THE RELEASE PROPERTIES OF NEURONS153
  • 6. NEUROPATHOLOGICAL AND THERAPEUTIC IMPLICATIONS156
  • ACKNOWLEDGMENT157
  • REFERENCES157
  • Chapter 9 Cytokines and Extracellular Matrix Remodeling in the Central Nervous System167
  • ABSTRACT167
  • 1. INTRODUCTION167
  • 2. ECM LOCALIZATION IN BRAIN168
  • 3. CNS-ECM MAIN MOLECULAR CLASSES AND COMPOSITION174
  • 4. FUNCTIONAL INVOLVEMENT OF ECM MOLECULES IN SYNAPTIC PLASTICITY178
  • 5. ECM–CYTOKINES AND GROWTH FACTORS IN CNS INJURY182
  • 6. CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS188
  • REFERENCES188
  • Chapter 10 Acidic Fibroblast Growth Factor, a Satiety Substance, with Diverse Physiological Signific199
  • ABSTRACT199
  • 1. INCREASE IN FIBROBLAST GROWTH FACTOR IN CEREBROSPINAL FLUID AFTER FEEDING199
  • 2. EFFECTS OF ANTIBODIES TO AFGF AND BFGF ON FOOD INTAKE200
  • 3. FGF EFFECTS ON LHA AND VMH NEURONS201
  • 4. SOURCE OF aFGF IN THE BRAIN201
  • 5. GLUCOSE SENSOR OF A NEW TYPE IN THE BRAIN201
  • 6. aFGF AND MEMORY FACILITATION202
  • 7. PERSPECTIVES203
  • 8. ACTIVATION OF AFGF ON HYPOTHALAMIC–PITUITARY–ADRENOCORTICAL AXIS205
  • 9. EFFECTS OF AFGF AND ITS FRAGMENTS ON PHAGOCYTOSIS IN MOUSE PERITONEAL MACROPHAGES208
  • 10. CONCLUSIONS209
  • REFERENCES210
  • Chapter 11 Cytokines and Sleep213
  • ABSTRACT213
  • 1. INTRODUCTION213
  • 2. SLEEP214
  • 3. CYTOKINES AND SLEEP216
  • 4. ACTIVITY-DEPENDENT EXPRESSION OF CYTOKINE SRSs223
  • 5. BRAIN ORGANIZATION OF SLEEP224
  • 6. ROLE OF CYTOKINES IN EXPERIMENTAL EVIDENCE FOR THE THEORY226
  • 7. CONCLUSIONS227
  • ACKNOWLEDGMENTS227
  • REFERENCES227
  • Section C. Chemokines in the Brain241
  • Chapter 12 Chemokines, their Receptors and Significance in Brain Function243
  • ABSTRACT243
  • 1. INTRODUCTION243
  • 2. STRUCTURE AND CLASSIFICATION OF CHEMOKINES AND CHEMOKINE RECEPTORS244
  • 3. SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION248
  • 4. EXPRESSION OF CHEMOKINE AND THEIR RECEPTORS IN THE BRAIN: CELLULAR LOCALIZATION AND PHYSIOLOGICAL251
  • 5. CHEMOKINES IN BRAIN DEVELOPMENT254
  • 6. CHEMOKINE AND CHEMOKINE RECEPTOR INVOLVEMENT IN BRAIN PATHOLOGIES257
  • REFERENCES262
  • Part III. Immune Response in the Brain275
  • Chapter 13 Immune and Inflammatory Responses in the Central Nervous System: Modulation by Astrocytes277
  • ABSTRACT277
  • 1. INTRODUCTION277
  • 2. ASTROCYTES IN THE NORMAL BRAIN278
  • 3. REACTIVE ASTROGLIOSIS279
  • 4. ASTROCYTES AND CYTOKINES281
  • 5. ASTROCYTES AND OXIDATIVE STRESS283
  • ACKNOWLEDGMENTS284
  • REFERENCES284
  • Chapter 14 Immune Response in the Brain: Glial Response and Cytokine Production289
  • ABSTRACT289
  • 1. INTRODUCTION289
  • 2. GLIAL RESPONSE TO INTERACT WITH IMMUNE CELLS290
  • 3. CYTOKINE PRODUCTION AND EXPRESSION OF RECEPTORS FOR CYTOKINES IN GLIA CELLS291
  • 4. CYTOKINE NETWORKS IN THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM293
  • 5. CYTOKINES IN THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM PATHOLOGIES295
  • REFERENCES298
  • Part IV. Cytokines in Pathophysiological Brain Responses305
  • Section A. Brain–Immune Interaction305
  • Chapter 15 Lymphocytes and Adrenergic Sympathetic Nerves: The Role of Cytokines307
  • ABSTRACT307
  • ABBREVIATIONS307
  • 1. INTRODUCTION308
  • 2. INNERVATION OF LYMPHOID ORGANS308
  • 3. EXPRESSION OF ARS ON LYMPHOCYTES309
  • 4. EFFECT OF ADRENERGIC STIMULATION ON T LYMPHOCYTES310
  • 5. EFFECT OF ADRENERGIC STIMULATION ON B LYMPHOCYTES311
  • 6. EFFECT OF ADRENERGIC STIMULATION ON NATURAL KILLER CELLS312
  • 7. EFFECT OF DEPLETION OF NORADRENERGIC INNERVATION ON LYMPHOCYTES313
  • 8. EFFECTS OF CYTOKINES ON THE SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM314
  • 9. CATECHOLAMINE SYNTHESIS BY LYMPHOCYTES321
  • 10. CONCLUSIONS323
  • REFERENCES324
  • Chapter 16 Cytokines in Neural Signaling to the Brain337
  • ABSTRACT337
  • 1. INTRODUCTION337
  • 2. CRANIAL NERVE VISCEROSENSORY PATHWAYS: NEURAL SURVEILLANCE OF PATHOGEN INTERFACES338
  • 3. CYTOKINES IN SPINAL AND TRIGEMINAL NERVES AND PAIN MODULATION343
  • 4. CENTRAL PROJECTIONS OF CYTOKINE-RESPONSIVE NERVES: INTERFACE WITH BRAIN REGIONS SUBSERVING SICKNE344
  • 5. PERSPECTIVES345
  • ACKNOWLEDGMENTS347
  • REFERENCES347
  • Chapter 17 Interleukin-2 Gene Expression in Central Nervous System Cells after Stress and Antigen Ap353
  • ABSTRACT353
  • 1. INTRODUCTION353
  • 2. INTERLEUKIN-2 AS AN ENDOGENOUS CYTOKINE OF CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM354
  • 3. INTERLEUKIN-2 GENE EXPRESSION IN BRAIN CELLS OF RATS EXPOSED TO STRESS355
  • 4. EXPRESSION OF C-FOS AND INTERLEUKIN-2 GENES IN BRAIN CELLS AFTER INJECTION OF ANTIGEN357
  • 5. EXPRESSION OF C-FOS AND INTERLEUKIN-2 GENES BY BRAIN CELLS OF RATS AFTER THE APPLICATION OF AN IM360
  • 6. THE POSSIBLE PATHWAYS OF TRANSMISSION OF INTERLEUKIN-2 SIGNALS INTO CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM CELLS362
  • 7. CONCLUSION363
  • ACKNOWLEDGMENTS364
  • REFERENCES364
  • Chapter 18 Sex Hormones and Cytokines in Central Nervous System Pathology and Repair373
  • ABSTRACT373
  • 1. INTRODUCTION373
  • 2. EFFECTS OF STERIOD HORMONES IN CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM INFLAMMATION374
  • 3. REGULATION OF INFLAMMATORY MEDIATORS BY SEX STEROIDS376
  • 4. STEROID HORMONES AND CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM REPAIR377
  • 5. NEUROSTEROIDOGENESIS380
  • 6. CONCLUSION382
  • REFERENCES382
  • Chapter 19 Involvement of Brain Cytokines in Stress-induced Immunosuppression391
  • ABSTRACT391
  • 1. INTRODUCTION391
  • 2. CYTOKINE EXPRESSION IN THE BRAIN DURING INFLAMMATORY STRESS392
  • 3. IMMUNOSUPPRESSION INDUCED BY BRAIN CYTOKINES392
  • 4. ROLE OF BRAIN CYTOKINES IN THE IMMOBILIZATION-INDUCED IMMUNOSUPPRESSION395
  • 5. CONCLUSION397
  • ACKNOWLEDGMENTS398
  • REFERENCES398
  • Chapter 20 Neuroprotective Effects of Inflammation in the Nervous System403
  • ABSTRACT403
  • 1. INTRODUCTION403
  • 2. THE PROTECTIVE ROLE OF MACROPHAGES405
  • 3. THE PROTECTIVE ROLE OF T CELLS407
  • 4. ANTIBODIES AS MEDIATORS OF CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM REPAIR409
  • 5. THE DUAL ROLE OF PROINFLAMMATORY CYTOKINES410
  • 6. SECRETION OF NEUROTROPHIC FACTORS BY INFLAMMATORY CELLS414
  • 7. CONCLUDING REMARKS417
  • ACKNOWLEDGMENTS418
  • REFERENCES418
  • Part V. Disease433
  • Chapter 21 Brain Response to Endotoxin435
  • ABSTRACT435
  • 1. INTRODUCTION435
  • 2. LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE-INDUCED SIGNALING PATHWAYS436
  • 3. THE ACUTE INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE437
  • 4. EPITHELIAL AND ENDOTHELIAL BARRIERS439
  • 5. BARRIER RESPONSES TO LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE441
  • 6. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS450
  • ACKNOWLEDGMENTS451
  • REFERENCES451
  • Chapter 22 Cytokines in Demyelinating Diseases455
  • ABSTRACT455
  • 1. CYTOKINE EXPRESSION DURING MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS AND EXPERIMENTAL AUTOIMMUNE ENCEPHALITIS456
  • 2. CONCLUSIONS475
  • REFERENCES476
  • Chapter 23 The Cytokines and Depression Hypothesis: An Evaluation485
  • ABSTRACT485
  • 1. INTRODUCTION485
  • 2. ORIGINS OF THE CYTOKINE HYPOTHESIS OF DEPRESSION486
  • 3. EXPERIMENTAL EVIDENCE FOR THE CYTOKINE HYPOTHESIS OF DEPRESSION487
  • 4. ARE SYMPTOMS OF DEPRESSION OBSERVED IN SICK ANIMALS?491
  • 5. THE POTENTIAL ROLE IN SICKNESS BEHAVIOR OF CYTOKINES IN THE BRAIN491
  • 6. EFFECTS OF ANTIDEPRESSANT TREATMENTS ON SICKNESS BEHAVIOR494
  • 7. CYTOKINE ACTIVATION OF THE HYPOTHALAMIC–PITUITARY–ADRENOCORTICAL AXIS: RELATIONSHIP TO DEPRES494
  • 8. CYTOKINES AND BRAIN CATECHOLAMINES495
  • 9. THE VALUE OF CYTOKINE-INDUCED SICKNESS BEHAVIOR AS A MODEL FOR THE STUDY OF DEPRESSION497
  • 10. CONCLUSIONS498
  • ACKNOWLEDGMENTS499
  • REFERENCES499
  • Chapter 24 Clinical Relevance: Cytokines in Alzheimer’s Disease507
  • ABSTRACT507
  • 1. INTRODUCTION507
  • 2. CYTOKINES509
  • 3. CYTOKINE RECEPTORS510
  • 4. INTRACELLULAR SIGNALING AND CYTOKINES510
  • 5. NEUROTRANSMITTERS AND CYTOKINES511
  • 6. OXIDATIVE FREE RADICALS, AGING, AND INFLAMMATION IN THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM512
  • 7. NEUROPATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE513
  • 8. SPECULATIONS ON THE CAUSE, TREATMENT, AND PREVENTION OF ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE519
  • REFERENCES521
  • Part VI. Cytokines and Behavior527
  • Chapter 25 Cytokines and Immune-Related Behaviors529
  • ABSTRACT529
  • 1. INTRODUCTION529
  • 2. HOST RESPONSE TO INFECTION AND INFLAMMATION530
  • 3. NONSPECIFIC SYMPTOMS AS ADAPTIVE RESPONSES TO INFECTION AND INFLAMMATION532
  • 4. SICKNESS AS A MOTIVATIONAL STATE: THE FLEXIBILITY OF IMMUNE-RELATED BEHAVIORS534
  • 5. SICKNESS AND INFORMATION PROCESSING: THE SICK ANIMAL IN ITS ENVIRONMENT536
  • 6. EVOLUTIONARY ROOTS OF IMMUNE-RELATED BEHAVIORS540
  • 7. CONCLUSIONS541
  • REFERENCES542
  • Chapter 26 The Production and Effects of Cytokines Depend on Brain Lateralization549
  • ABSTRACT549
  • 1. INTRODUCTION549
  • 2. EFFECTS OF UNILATERAL BRAIN LESIONS ON IMMUNITY AND CYTOKINE PRODUCTION551
  • 3. EFFECTS OF FUNCTIONAL LATERALIZATION ON IMMUNITY AND CYTOKINE PRODUCTION552
  • 4. INFLUENCE OF LATERALIZATION ON THE EFFECTS OF CYTOKINES555
  • 5. BRAIN–IMMUNE PATHWAYS INVOLVED IN LATERALIZED CONTROL OF CYTOKINE PRODUCTION555
  • 6. CONCLUSION AND PERSPECTIVES557
  • REFERENCES558
  • Part VII. Conclusions565
  • Chapter 27 Concluding Remarks567
  • Subject Index571
Book details
  • Vendor Elsevier S & T
  • SKU 9780444530417
  • ISBN-13 9780080559353
  • Author Phelps, Christopher P.
  • Category Medical
  • Subject Immunology

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Description eBook delivery & access Reviews
This book opens a new page of neuro-immunobiology providing substantive experimental and clinical data to support current understanding in the field, and potential applications of this knowledge in the treatment of disease. The volume is a collection of complex, new data drawn from multiple areas of investigation in the field. The contents summarize current understanding on the presence and function of CNS cytokines and their receptors in a variety of CNS cells during health and disease. The chapters are a collection of complex, new data demonstrating the presence and synthesis of cytokines in brain cells, as well as their receptors on cell membranes in health and disease. The strength of the volume are the descriptions of the authors own investigations, together with those of others in the field pertaining to a large number of cytokines in brain function, as well as mechanisms involved in the development of CNS disorders, including multiple sclerosis and Alzheimer’s disease. Also included are novel approaches to the treatment of CNS disorders based on new experimental data. The contributors to this volume are internationally known scientists and clinical researchers in their respective fields of investigation and treatment.

*Opens a new page of neuro-immunobiology and provides substantive evidence for the promise of this field in the treatment of disease
*Summarizes current understanding on the presence and function of central nervous system (CNS) cytokines and their receptors in a variety of CNS cells during health and disease
*Includes novel approaches to the treatment of CNS disorders based on new experimental data
*Offers new insight into triggers for the development of autoimmune diseases in the brain and the possibilities for treatment