Detecting Ecological Impacts: Concepts and Applications in Coastal Habitats
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Table of contents
- Cover
- Copyright Pageiv
- Contentsv
- Contributorsxv
- Acknowledgmentsxvii
- Prefacexix
- SECTION I: AN INTRODUCTION TO ECOLOGICAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT PRINCIPLES AND GOALS1
- Chapter 1. Detecting Ecological Impacts Caused by Human Activities3
- The Need for Field Assessments5
- The (In-)Adequacy of Existing Field Assessment Designs6
- The Organization of This Book13
- References15
- Chapter 2. Goals in Environmental Monitoring17
- A Case for Confidence Intervals18
- Discussion24
- References26
- Chapter 3. Criteria for Selecting Marine Organisms in Biomonitoring Studies29
- What Should an "Indicator" Indicate?31
- Conclusions43
- References45
- Chapter 4. Impacts on Soft-Sediment Macrofauna: The Effects of Spatial Variation on Temporal Trends49
- Methods52
- Results53
- Discussion59
- References64
- Chapter 5. Scalable Decision Criteria for Environmental Impact Assessment: Effect Size,Type I, and T67
- Components of a Decision68
- Problems with Traditional Decisions69
- New Decision Rules71
- Advantages of Liberating α74
- Some Problems with a Variable α76
- Summary78
- References79
- SECTION II: IMPROVING FIELD ASSESSMENTS OF LOCAL IMPACTS BEFORE-AFTER-CONTROL-IMPACT DESIGNS81
- Chapter 6. Detection of Environmental Impacts: Natural Variability, Effect Size, and Power Analysis83
- Methods86
- Results93
- Discussion101
- References105
- Chapter 7. Problems in the Analysis of Environmental Monitoring Data109
- Before–After Studies110
- Before–After–Control–Impact Paired Series Designs115
- Causal Uncertainty125
- Discussion129
- References130
- Chapter 8. Estimating the Size of an Effect from a Before–After–Control–Impact Paired Series D133
- Background on the Example Data Set134
- The Standard Approach„The Underlying Model and Implications136
- Difficulties with the Standard Approach137
- An Alternative: The Predictive Approach140
- Discussion146
- References148
- Chapter 9. On Beyond BACI: Sampling Designs That Might Reliably Detect Environmental Disturbances151
- Problems with Current Sampling Designs152
- Asymmetrical Sampling Design to Detect Environmental Impacts156
- Patterns in Analyses to Detect Environmental Impacts157
- Discussion169
- References174
- SECTION III: EXTENSION OF LOCAL IMPACTS TO LARGER SCALE CONSEQUENCES177
- Chapter 10. Determining the Spatial Extent of Ecological Impacts Caused by Local Anthropogenic Distu179
- Spatial Relationships among Physical and Ecological Variables Following a Local Disturbance181
- Life-History Attributes and the Dispersal of Ecological Impacts187
- Conclusions194
- References196
- Chapter 11. Predicting the Scale of Marine Impacts: Understanding Planktonic Links between Populatio199
- Larval Transport Processes201
- Larval Attributes Contributing to Dispersal217
- The Relative Importance of Hydrodynamics and Biology222
- Requirements for Individual Monitoring or EIA Programs224
- Conclusions229
- References230
- Chapter 12. Influence of Pollutants and Oceanography on Abundance and Deformities of Wild Fish Larva235
- Oceanographic Features and the Accumulation of Fish Larvae and Pollutants236
- Abundance Patterns of Fish Larvae in Plumes238
- Vulnerability of Fish Larvae to Pollutants243
- Deformities in Wild Larvae from Plumes247
- Caveats to Quantifying Deformities in Wild Fish Larvae and Other Approaches247
- Discussion251
- References252
- Chapter 13. Consequences for Adult Fish Stocks of Human-Induced Mortality on Immatures257
- Modeling Compensatory Processes in Fish Populations259
- Predicted Consequences of Increased Immature Mortality264
- Impact on Predators269
- Discussion271
- References275
- SECTION IV: THE LINK BETWEEN ADMINISTRATIVE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STUDIES AND WELL-DESIGNED FIELD ASS279
- Chapter 14. The Art and Science of Administrative Environmental Impact Assessment281
- Administrative Environmental Review282
- Scientific Data Collection and Analyses in Environmental Impact Reports288
- The Need for Better Scientific Feedback in the EIA Process291
- Conclusions292
- References293
- Chapter 15. On the Adequacy and Improvement of Marine Benthic Pre-Impact Surveys: Examples from the295
- Structure of the Review296
- Review Findings297
- Discussion304
- Conclusions311
- References313
- Chapter 16. Organizational Constraints on Environmental Impact Assessment Research317
- The Opportunity318
- Project Uncertainties319
- Institutional Uncertainties323
- Conclusions and Lessons326
- References327
- Chapter 17. Administrative, Legal, and Public Policy Constraints on Environmental Impact Assessment329
- Resolving Conflict through Comprehensive Environmental Assessment: The U.S. Offshore Oil Leasing Pro330
- The Limitations of Public Environmental Assessment333
- Conclusion341
- References342
- Chapter 18. Predicted and Observed Environmental Impacts: Can We Foretell Ecological Change?345
- The San Onofre Nuclear Generating Station346
- Predicted Impacts349
- The Impacts That Were Detected357
- Predicted Effects versus "Reality" Do We Get It Right?361
- Conclusions and Recommendations366
- References368
- Glossary of Acronyms, Assessment Designs, and Organizations371
- Contributor Biographies377
- Author Index383
- Subject Index391
Detecting Ecological Impacts: Concepts and Applications in Coastal Habitats focuses on crucial aspects of detecting local and regional impacts that result from human activities. Detection and characterization of ecological impacts require scientific approaches that can reliably separate the effects of a specific anthropogenic activity from those of other processes. This fundamental goal is both technically and operationally challenging. Detecting Ecological Impacts is devoted to the conceptual and technical underpinnings that allow for reliable estimates of ecological effects caused by human activities. An international team of scientists focuses on the development and application of scientific tools appropriate for estimating the magnitude and spatial extent of ecological impacts. The contributors also evaluate our current ability to forecast impacts. Some of the scientific, legal, and administrative constraints that impede these critical tasks also are highlighted. Coastal marine habitats are emphasized, but the lessons and insights have general application to all ecological systems.