Disorders of Synaptic Plasticity and Schizophrenia
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Table of contents
- Contentsv
- Contributorsxi
- Introductionxv
- Chapter 1. Loss of Spines and Neuropil1
- I. Introduction1
- II. Dendrites, Spines, and Normal Plasticity2
- III. Effects of Estrogen on Plasticity3
- IV. Long-Term Potentiation and Learning4
- V. Alterations in Neuropil Components6
- VI. Alzheimer’s Disease6
- VII. Human Immunodeficiency Virus Encephalitis7
- VIII. Huntington’s Chorea8
- IX. Schizophrenia9
- X. Possible Link between Calcium and Dendritic Alterations11
- XI. Conclusion12
- References13
- Chapter 2. Schizophrenia as a Disorder of Neuroplasticity19
- I. Introduction19
- II. Clinical Features of Schizophrenia20
- III. Synaptic Plasticity and Schizophrenia21
- IV. Substrates of Neuroplasticity23
- V. Glutamatergic Dysfunction in Schizophrenia25
- VI. Conclusions39
- References39
- Chapter 3. The Synaptic Pathology of Schizophrenia: Is Aberrant Neurodevelopment and Plasticity to B47
- I. Introduction48
- II. Studies of Proteins Associated with Synaptic Plasticity in Schizophrenia49
- III. Can the Synaptic Pathology of Schizophrenia Be Related to Changes in the Expression of Genes In57
- IV. Discussion and Future Directions64
- References65
- Chapter 4. Neurochemical Basis for an Epigenetic Vision of Synaptic Organization73
- I. Introduction73
- II. Conceptual Background for the Definition of Phenotypes and Genotypes74
- III. Epigenetics and Evolution75
- IV. Biochemical Processes Included in Epigenetic Phenomena75
- V. Epigenetics and Synaptic Plasticity78
- VI. Epigenetics Today85
- VII. The Epigenetic Concept in Psychiatry86
- VIII. Conclusions87
- References87
- Chapter 5. Muscarinic Receptors in Schizophrenia: Is There a Role for Synaptic Plasticity?93
- I. Introduction93
- II. Muscarinic Receptors94
- III. Schizophrenia97
- IV. Synaptic Plasticity100
- References103
- Chapter 6. Serotonin and Brain Development111
- I. Introduction112
- II. The Discovery of Serotonin and Classification of Serotonin Receptors113
- III. The Role of Serotonin in Developmental Plasticity114
- IV. Manipulation of the Serotonergic System Alters Synaptic Plasticity128
- V. Does Dysfunction of Serotonergic Signaling Result in Impaired Brain Development?132
- VI. Conclusions149
- References150
- Chapter 7. Presynaptic Proteins and Schizophrenia175
- I. Introduction175
- II. Presynaptic Proteins176
- III. Are All Presynaptic Proteins Affected Equally within a Single Brain Region?179
- IV. Are Different Brain Regions Affected Equally for a Given Presynaptic Protein?185
- V. What Are the Relationships between mRNA and Protein Findings When Both Are Measured in the Same S185
- VI. Microarray Studies195
- VII. Summary195
- References196
- Chapter 8. Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Signaling201
- I. Introduction202
- II. Mitogen-Activated Protein (MAP) Kinase Cascades203
- III. Role of MAP Kinases in the Central Nervous System207
- IV. MAP Kinases of Schizophrenia209
- V. MAP Kinases in the Phencyclidine Rat Model of Schizophrenia211
- VI. MAP Kinases and Psychiatric Disorders213
- VII. Conclusions and Future Directions214
- References214
- Chapter 9. Postsynaptic Density Scaffolding Proteins at Excitatory Synapse and Disorders of Synaptic221
- I. Introduction222
- II. Structural and Functional Organization of Postsynaptic Density (PSD) Proteins: An Overview223
- III. PSD-95/SAP90227
- IV. Shank/ProSAP Proteins232
- V. SAP97234
- VI. Homer Proteins237
- VII. Conclusive Remarks244
- References244
- Chapter 10. Prostaglandin-Mediated Signaling in Schizophrenia255
- I. Introduction255
- II. Prostaglandin Hypothesis of Schizophrenia256
- III. Membrane Phospholipid Hypothesis of Schizophrenia257
- IV. Niacin Tests in the Field of Schizophrenia260
- V. Summary265
- References266
- Chapter 11. Mitochondria, Synaptic Plasticity, and Schizophrenia273
- I. Introduction274
- II. Plasticity in Schizophrenia275
- III. Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Schizophrenia279
- IV. Mitochondria and Neuroplasticity282
- V. Conclusion287
- References288
- Chapter 12. Membrane Phospholipids and Cytokine Interaction in Schizophrenia297
- I. Abnormal Membrane Phospholipids298
- II. Disturbed Immune Function306
- III. Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Cytokines309
- IV. Stress and Immune Response310
- V. Conclusion311
- References314
- Chapter 13. Neurotensin, Schizophrenia, and Antipsychotic Drug Action327
- I. Introduction328
- II. Preclinical Evidence Supporting the Role of Neurotensin in the Effects of Antipsychotic Drugs333
- III. Clinical Evidence Supporting the Role of Neurotensin Neurotransmission in the Pathophysiology o338
- IV. NTergic Compounds as Novel Antipsychotic Drugs339
- References342
- Chapter 14. Schizophrenia, Vitamin D, and Brain Development351
- I. Introduction352
- II. Gene–Environment Interactions353
- III. Schizophrenia Susceptibility Genes355
- IV. Gene–Environment Models of Schizophrenia360
- V. Conclusion369
- References370
- Chapter 15. Possible Contributions of Myelin and Oligodendrocyte Dysfunction to Schizophrenia381
- I. Introduction381
- II. The Changing Role of Glia382
- III. Background on Oligodendroglia and Myelin383
- IV. Disconnectivity in Schizophrenia385
- V. Imaging Evidence for White Matter Involvement in Schizophrenia388
- VI. Demyelinating Diseases and the Symptoms of Schizophrenia392
- VII. Age-Related Changes in Normal Aging395
- VIII. Expression of Myelin-Related Genes in Schizophrenia396
- IX. Direct Examinations of Myelin and Oligodendroglia in Schizophrenia402
- X. Mechanistic Considerations404
- XI. Summary and Future Directions407
- References408
- Chapter 16. Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor and the Plasticity of the Mesolimbic Dopamine Pathway425
- I. Introduction425
- II. Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) Control D3 Receptor Expression during Development427
- III. BDNF Triggers Ectopic D3 Receptor Expression and Behavioral Sensitization in Denervated Rats428
- IV. Normalization of Dopamine D3 Receptor Function Attenuates Dyskinesia Induced by Levodopa431
- V. BDNF and Dopamine D3 Receptor in Reactivity to Drug Cues434
- VI. BDNF and Dopamine D3 Receptor in Stress, Depression, and Schizophrenia437
- VII. Conclusions438
- References439
- Chapter 17. S100B in Schizophrenic Psychosis445
- I. Background and Hypotheses445
- II. Origin and Molecular Structure of S100B448
- III. In Vitro/Cell Culture Experiments449
- IV. Morphology Studies (Animal Experiments)454
- V. Serotonergic Regulation456
- VI. Functional Studies457
- VII. Clinical Studies in Schizophrenic Patients458
- VIII. Conclusions461
- References463
- Chapter 18. Oct-6 Transcription Factor471
- I. POU Domain Proteins471
- II. Oct-6475
- III. Conclusions485
- References486
- Chapter 19. NMDA Receptor Function, Neuroplasticity, and the Pathophysiology of Schizophrenia491
- I. Introduction491
- II. NMDA Receptors492
- III. Effects of Dissociative Anesthetics494
- IV. Postmortem Studies of Glutamatergic Markers in Schizophrenia495
- V. Glutamate Receptor-Associated Genes497
- VI. Preclinical Studies on NMDA Receptor Hypofunction499
- VII. Clinical Trials of NMDAR Modulators in Schizophrenia500
- VIII. NMDA Receptor and Neuroplasticity505
- IX. Conclusion506
- References507
- Index517
- Contents of Recent Volumes531
Schizophrenia is a severe brain disorder that affects 1% of the population. Its cause is due to the interaction of a number of abnormal genes with environmental factors. This book summarizes new advances schizophrenia research that focus on the field of neural and synaptic plasticity. Synapses in the brain in schizophrenia show a wide range of disorders, both structural and functional. This volume covers the most active and promising of these new developments, and opens up new avenues for the treatment of schizophrenia.
* Addresses new areas of research in neurotransmitters, receptors, vitamin transport, metabolism, and signaling.
* Reviews the growing field of synaptic plasticity research
* Provides links with other diseases of the Central Nervous System (CNS)
* Addresses new areas of research in neurotransmitters, receptors, vitamin transport, metabolism, and signaling.
* Reviews the growing field of synaptic plasticity research
* Provides links with other diseases of the Central Nervous System (CNS)