Elsevier S & T

Drugs During Pregnancy and Lactation: Treatment Options and Risk Assessment

Schaefer, Christof; Peters, Paul W.J.; Miller, Richard K

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Table of contents

Cover
Copyright pageiv
Contentsv
List of contributorsxxii
Prefacexxiv
Noticexxvii
Chapter 1 General commentary on drug therapy and drug risks in pregnancy1
1.1 Introduction2
1.2 Development and health3
1.3 Reproductive stages3
1.4 Reproductive and developmental toxicology6
1.5 Basic principles of drug-induced reproductive and developmental toxicology9
1.6 Effects and manifestations10
1.7 Pharmacokinetics in pregnancy12
1.8 Passage of drugs to the unborn and fetal kinetics13
1.9 Causes of developmental disorders14
1.10 Embryo/fetotoxic risk assessment15
1.11 Classification of drugs used in pregnancy19
1.12 Paternal use of medicinal products20
1.13 Communicating the risk of drug use in pregnancy21
1.14 Risk communication prior to pharmacotherapeutic choice22
1.15 Risk communication regarding the safety (or otherwise) of drugs already used in pregnancy23
1.16 Teratology information centers24
Chapter 2 Specific drug therapies during pregnancy27
2.1 Analgesics and anti-inflammatory drugs28
2.1.1 Paracetamol (acetaminophen)28
2.1.2 Aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid)29
2.1.3 Pyrazolone derivatives32
2.1.4 Combination analgesic preparations32
2.1.5 Opioid analgesics in general33
2.1.6 Morphine33
2.1.7 Codeine34
2.1.8 Pethidine (meperidine)34
2.1.9 Fentanyl, alfentanil, remifentanil, and sufentanil36
2.1.10 Other narco-analgesics and centrally acting analgesics37
2.1.11 Naloxone38
2.1.12 Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)38
2.1.13 Selective cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitors41
2.1.14 Migraine medications42
2.1.15 Additional analgesics44
2.1.16 Additional antiphlogistics and antirheumatics44
2.1.17 Myotonolytics47
2.1.18 Gout interval therapy48
2.1.19 Gout attack therapy49
2.2 Antiallergic drugs and desensitization57
2.2.1 Antihistamines (H[sub(1)]-blocker)57
2.2.2 Glucocorticosteroids60
2.2.3 Mast cell stabilizers61
2.2.4 Immunotherapy61
2.3 Antiasthmatic and cough medication63
2.3.1 Asthma and pregnancy63
2.3.2 Selective β[sub(2)]-adrenergic agonists64
2.3.3 Corticosteroids65
2.3.4 Anticholinergic drugs67
2.3.5 Theophylline68
2.3.6 Cromoglycate, nedocromil, and lodoxamide69
2.3.7 Other mast cell inhibitors70
2.3.8 Antileukotrienes70
2.3.9 Monoclonal antibodies and other asthma medications71
2.3.10 Expectorants and mucolytic agents71
2.3.11 Antitussives72
2.3.12 Non-selective β-adrenergic agonists73
2.4 Antiemetics78
2.4.1 Nausea and vomiting in pregnancy78
2.4.2 Diet manipulations and treatment79
2.4.3 Complementary treatment options80
2.4.4 Acupuncture and acupressure81
2.4.5 Hypnosis82
2.4.6 Ginger82
2.4.7 Antihistamines (H[sub(1)]-blockers)83
2.4.8 Dopamine antagonists85
2.4.9 Pyridoxine (vitamin B[sub(6)])86
2.4.10 Thiamine (vitamin B[sub(1)])87
2.4.11 Serotonin antagonists87
2.4.12 Glucocorticoids88
2.4.13 Other agents with antiemetic properties89
2.5 Gastrointestinal and antilipidemic agents and spasmolytics94
2.5.1 Gastritis and peptic ulcer during pregnancy94
2.5.2 Antacids and sucralfate95
2.5.3 H[sub(2)]-receptor antagonists97
2.5.4 Proton-pump inhibitors98
2.5.5 Bismuth salts99
2.5.6 Additional ulcer therapeutics99
2.5.7 Helicobacter pylori therapy101
2.5.8 Acids102
2.5.9 Atropine and other anticholinergic spasmolytics102
2.5.10 Cholinergics103
2.5.11 Other prokinetic agents104
2.5.12 Constipation during pregnancy105
2.5.13 Stool-bulking agents105
2.5.14 Hyperosmotic and saline laxatives105
2.5.15 Diphenylmethanes106
2.5.16 Anthraquinone derivatives107
2.5.17 Castor oil107
2.5.18 Lubricants and emollient laxatives108
2.5.19 Antidiarrheals108
2.5.20 Drugs for chronic inflammatory bowel disease109
2.5.21 Dimeticon and plant-based carminatives112
2.5.22 Chenodeoxycholic acid and ursodeoxycholic acid112
2.5.23 Clofibrine acid derivatives and analogs113
2.5.24 Cholesterol synthesis-enzyme inhibitors114
2.5.25 Cholestyramine and other lipid reducers115
2.5.26 Appetite suppressants, obesity and weight loss116
2.6 Anti-infective agents123
2.6.1 Penicillins124
2.6.2 Cephalosporins125
2.6.3 Other β-lactam antibiotics and β-lactamase inhibitors126
2.6.4 Macrolide antibiotics126
2.6.5 Lincomycin and clindamycin128
2.6.6 Tetracyclines128
2.6.7 Sulfonamides, trimethoprim, atovaquone, and pentamidine129
2.6.8 Quinolones131
2.6.9 Nitrofurantoin and other drugs for urinary tract infections132
2.6.10 Aminoglycosides133
2.6.11 Chloramphenicol134
2.6.12 Metronidazole and other nitroimidazole antibiotics135
2.6.13 Polypeptide antibiotics136
2.6.14 Antimycotics in general136
2.6.15 Nystatin137
2.6.16 Clotrimazole and miconazole for topical use137
2.6.17 Other local "conazole" antimycotics138
2.6.18 Other local antimycotics138
2.6.19 "Conazole" antimycotics for systemic use139
2.6.20 Amphotericin B140
2.6.21 Flucytosine141
2.6.22 Griseofulvin142
2.6.23 Terbinafine142
2.6.24 Malaria prophylaxis and therapy in pregnancy143
2.6.25 Chloroquine144
2.6.26 Proguanil144
2.6.27 Mefloquine145
2.6.28 Pyrimethamine, sulfadoxine and dapsone146
2.6.29 Quinine147
2.6.30 Halofantrine148
2.6.31 Primaquine148
2.6.32 Artemisinin derivatives149
2.6.33 Other malarial agents150
2.6.34 Tuberculosis and pregnancy151
2.6.35 Isoniazid (INH)152
2.6.36 Rifampicin153
2.6.37 Ethambutol153
2.6.38 Pyrazinamide (PZA)154
2.6.39 Aminoglycosides in tuberculosis154
2.6.40 Para-aminosalicylic acid (PAS)154
2.6.41 Quinolones in tuberculosis155
2.6.42 Other second-line antituberculous drugs155
2.6.43 Dapsone156
2.6.44 Aciclovir and other herpes antivirals156
2.6.45 Antiviral drugs for influenza158
2.6.46 Ribavirin158
2.6.47 Other antiviral drugs159
2.6.48 HIV prophylaxis and therapy159
2.6.49 Mebendazole and flubendazole162
2.6.50 Pyrviniumembonate163
2.6.51 Albendazole and thiabendazole164
2.6.52 Niclosamide164
2.6.53 Praziquantel165
2.6.54 Pyrantel165
2.6.55 Ivermectin and diethylcarbamazine166
2.6.56 Hyperthermia166
2.6.57 Traveling168
2.7 Vaccines and immunoglobulins178
2.7.1 Vaccination and pregnancy179
2.7.2 Cholera vaccine180
2.7.3 Hemophilus influenza b (HIB) vaccine180
2.7.4 Hepatitis A vaccine180
2.7.5 Hepatitis B vaccine181
2.7.6 Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) vaccine182
2.7.7 Influenza vaccine182
2.7.8 Measles and mumps vaccines183
2.7.9 Meningococcal meningitis vaccine184
2.7.10 Pneumococcal vaccination184
2.7.11 Poliomyelitis vaccine184
2.7.12 Rabies vaccine185
2.7.13 Rubella vaccine186
2.7.14 Tetanus and diphtheria vaccines187
2.7.15 Typhoid vaccine187
2.7.16 Varicella vaccine188
2.7.17 Yellow fever vaccine189
2.7.18 Immunoglobulins189
2.8 Heart and circulatory system drugs and diuretics193
2.8.1 Arterial hypertension and pregnancy194
2.8.2 α-methyldopa195
2.8.3 β-adrenergic receptor blockers196
2.8.4 Hydralazine and dihydralazine198
2.8.5 Nifedipine and other calcium antagonists200
2.8.6 ACE inhibitors203
2.8.7 Angiotensin-II receptor antagonists205
2.8.8 Clonidine207
2.8.9 Diazoxide208
2.8.10 Magnesium sulfate208
2.8.11 Nitroprusside209
2.8.12 Reserpine209
2.8.13 Other antihypertensives210
2.8.14 Pulmonary hypertension and its medication211
2.8.15 Hypotension and antihypotensives214
2.8.16 Dihydroergotamine215
2.8.17 Adrenergic substances216
2.8.18 Cardiac glycosides216
2.8.19 Antiarrhythmic therapy of the pregnant woman and of the fetus217
2.8.20 Nitrates and other so-called vasodilators222
2.8.21 Cardiovascular drugs223
2.8.22 Diuretics224
2.8.23 Thiazide diuretics224
2.8.24 Furosemide and other high-ceiling diuretics225
2.8.25 Aldosterone antagonists226
2.8.26 Amiloride and triamterene227
2.8.27 Mannitol227
2.9 Anticoagulant and fibrinolytic drugs237
2.9.1 Pregnancy and coagulation237
2.9.2 Heparins239
2.9.3 Protamines240
2.9.4 Low-dose aspirin (LDA)241
2.9.5 Other non-coumarin antithrombotic drugs241
2.9.6 Vitamin K antagonists242
2.9.7 Vitamin K246
2.9.8 Fibrinolysis247
2.9.9 Streptokinase247
2.9.10 Other fibrinolytics248
2.9.11 Inhibitors of fibrinolysis249
2.9.12 Volume expanders249
2.10 Antiepileptics254
2.10.1 Epilepsy and antiepileptic drugs in pregnancy255
2.10.2 Benzodiazepines257
2.10.3 Carbamazepine260
2.10.4 Ethosuximide and other succimides261
2.10.5 Oxazolidine anticonvulsants262
2.10.6 Phenobarbital and primidone263
2.10.7 Phenytoin266
2.10.8 Sultiam268
2.10.9 Valproic acid269
2.10.10 Felbamate273
2.10.11 Gabapentin273
2.10.12 Lamotrigine274
2.10.13 Levetiracetam276
2.10.14 Oxcarbazepine277
2.10.15 Pregabalin278
2.10.16 Tiagabine278
2.10.17 Topiramate279
2.10.18 Vigabatrin279
2.10.19 Zonisamid280
2.11 Psychotropic drugs288
2.11.1 Tricyclic and tetracyclic antidepressants289
2.11.2 Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)291
2.11.3 Monoaminoxidase inhibitors (MAOIs)296
2.11.4 Other antidepressants297
2.11.5 Antipsychotic drugs and pregnancy – "classical" or atypical antipsychotics?299
2.11.6 Phenothiazines and thioxanthenes300
2.11.7 Butyrophenones301
2.11.8 Atypical antipsychotic drugs302
2.11.9 Other neuroleptic drugs304
2.11.10 Lithium and other mood-stabilizers/antimanic agents305
2.11.11 Barbiturates as sedative-hypnotic agents306
2.11.12 Benzodiazepines307
2.11.13 Zaleplon, zolpidem, and zopiclone309
2.11.14 Other anxiolytic drugs309
2.11.15 Chloral hydrate310
2.11.16 Other sedative-hypnotic drugs310
2.11.17 Psychoanaleptic drugs311
2.11.18 Parkinson drugs312
2.12 Immunomodulators321
2.12.1 Immunomodulators in general321
2.12.2 Azathioprine322
2.12.3 Cyclosporine A323
2.12.4 Selective immunosuppressants324
2.12.5 Monoclonal antibodies as part of an immunomodulatory therapy326
2.12.6 Interferons327
2.12.7 Thalidomide329
2.12.8 Other immunomodulators330
2.13 Antineoplastic drugs335
2.13.1 Cancer and pregnancy335
2.13.2 Classification of the drugs used for chemotherapy338
2.13.3 Vinca alkaloids and structural analogs339
2.13.4 Podophyllotoxin derivatives340
2.13.5 Nitrogen mustard agents340
2.13.6 Nitrogen mustard analogs341
2.13.7 Other alkylating agents342
2.13.8 Cytotoxic anthracycline antibiotics343
2.13.9 Other cytotoxic antibiotics345
2.13.10 Folate antagonistic antimetabolites346
2.13.11 Purine-derived antimetabolites (purine antagonists)349
2.13.12 Pyrimidine-derived antimetabolites (pyrimidine antagonists)350
2.13.13 Taxanes352
2.13.14 Platin compounds352
2.13.15 Other antineoplastic drugs354
2.13.16 Enzymes and antibodies exerting antineoplastic effects355
2.13.17 Antineoplastic drugs with endocrine effects357
2.13.18 Cytostatic drugs of plant origin358
2.13.19 Occupational handling of cytostatic drugs358
2.14 Uterine contraction agents, tocolytics, vaginal therapeutics, and local contraceptives368
2.14.1 Prostaglandins368
2.14.2 Oxytocin371
2.14.3 Ergot alkaloids (see also Chapter 2.1)372
2.14.4 Tocolytics in general372
2.14.5 β[sub(2)]-sympathomimetics373
2.14.6 Calcium antagonists373
2.14.7 Magnesium sulfate374
2.14.8 Oxytocin receptor antagonists375
2.14.9 Prostaglandin antagonists375
2.14.10 Other tocolytics375
2.14.11 Vaginal therapeutics376
2.14.12 Spermicide contraceptives377
2.14.13 Intrauterine devices377
2.15 Hormones381
2.15.1 Hypothalamic releasing hormones382
2.15.2 Anterior pituitary hormones384
2.15.3 Prolactin antagonists386
2.15.4 Posterior pituitary hormones387
2.15.5 Thyroid function and iodine supply during pregnancy388
2.15.6 Hypothyroidism, triiodothyronine (T3), and thyroxine (T4)389
2.15.7 Hyperthyroidism and thyrostatics390
2.15.8 Glucocorticoids392
2.15.9 Diabetes mellitus and pregnancy397
2.15.10 Insulin399
2.15.11 Oral antidiabetics401
2.15.12 Estrogens404
2.15.13 Progestins (gestagens)405
2.15.14 Diethylstilbestrol408
2.15.15 Androgens and anabolics408
2.15.16 Antiestrogens, antiandrogens, and danazol409
2.15.17 Mifepristone (RU486)410
2.15.18 Clomiphene411
2.16 General and local anesthetics and muscle relaxants423
2.16.1 Halogenated inhalation agents for general anesthesia424
2.16.2 Ether (diethyl ether)426
2.16.3 Nitrous oxide427
2.16.4 Injectable anesthetics427
2.16.5 Local anesthetics431
2.16.6 Epidural and spinal analgesia/anesthesia in pregnancy432
2.16.7 Muscle relaxants433
2.16.8 Occupational exposure to inhalation anesthetics434
2.17 Dermatological medications and local therapeutics441
2.17.1 Typical skin changes during pregnancy441
2.17.2 Anti-infective agents442
2.17.3 Antiseptics and disinfectants444
2.17.4 Astringents447
2.17.5 Polidocanol448
2.17.6 Camphor and menthol448
2.17.7 Coal tar and slate oil preparations448
2.17.8 Local immunomodulators and neurodermatitis therapy449
2.17.9 Keratolytics449
2.17.10 Retinoids for acne and psoriasis therapy452
2.17.11 Photochemotherapy and fumaric acid456
2.17.12 Sex hormones and cyproterone acetate456
2.17.13 5-Fluorouracil457
2.17.14 Lithium457
2.17.15 Scabies and lice medications458
2.17.16 Diethyltoluamide and icaridin458
2.17.17 Eye, nose, and ear drops459
2.17.18 Hemorrhoid medications461
2.17.19 Vein therapeutics462
2.17.20 Antihidrotica462
2.17.21 Minoxidil462
2.17.22 Cosmetics463
2.18 Vitamins, minerals, and trace elements467
2.18.1 Vitamin A (retinol)468
2.18.2 Vitamin B[sub(1)] (thiamine)470
2.18.3 Vitamin B[sub(2)] (riboflavin)470
2.18.4 Vitamin B[sub(3)] (nicotinamide)471
2.18.5 Vitamin B[sub(6)] (pyridoxine)471
2.18.6 Vitamin B[sub(12)] (cyanocobalamin)471
2.18.7 Folic acid472
2.18.8 Vitamin C (ascorbic acid)474
2.18.9 Vitamin D group475
2.18.10 Vitamin E (tocopherol)476
2.18.11 Vitamin K476
2.18.12 Multivitamin preparations477
2.18.13 Iron477
2.18.14 Calcium478
2.18.15 Fluoride479
2.18.16 Strontium479
2.18.17 Biphosphonates and other osteoporosis drugs480
2.18.18 Iodide481
2.18.19 Trace elements481
2.19 Herbs during pregnancy485
2.19.1 The safety of herbs during pregnancy485
2.19.2 Counseling a pregnant woman about herbs486
2.19.3 General concepts regarding the use of herbs during pregnancy488
2.19.4 Herbs used as foods489
2.19.5 Essential oils that are safe during pregnancy489
2.19.6 Herbs frequently used during pregnancy490
2.19.7 Herbs controversially used during pregnancy491
2.19.8 Herbs contraindicated during pregnancy491
2.20 Diagnostic agents502
2.20.1 X-ray examinations502
2.20.2 Ultrasound505
2.20.3 Magnetic resonance imaging506
2.20.4 Barium sulfate507
2.20.5 Iodine-containing contrast media507
2.20.6 Ultrasonographic and magnetic resonance contrast media508
2.20.7 Radioactive isotopes508
2.20.8 Stable isotopes509
2.20.9 Dyes510
2.20.10 Other diagnostic agents510
2.21 Recreational drugs514
2.21.1 Alcohol (ethanol)514
2.21.2 Caffeine and other xanthine derivatives520
2.21.3 Tobacco and smoking521
2.21.4 Drugs of abuse in general (excluding alcohol)525
2.21.5 Opiates525
2.21.6 Stimulants527
2.21.7 Hallucinogens530
2.21.8 "Sniffed" substances533
2.22 Poisonings and toxins543
2.22.1 The general risk of poisoning in pregnancy543
2.22.2 Treatment of poisoning in pregnancy544
2.22.3 Chemicals545
2.22.4 Medicines549
2.22.5 Animal toxins554
2.22.6 Mushrooms555
2.22.7 Other plant toxins556
2.22.8 Bacterial endotoxins556
2.23 Occupational, industrial, and environmental agents561
2.23.1 Solvent exposure in general564
2.23.2 Formaldehyde and formalin573
2.23.3 Chloroprene (chlorobutadiene)574
2.23.4 Cyanide575
2.23.5 Photographic/printing chemicals575
2.23.6 Pesticides576
2.23.7 Phenoxyacetic acid derivatives and chlorinated dibenzo-dioxins581
2.23.8 Metals583
2.23.9 Hazardous waste landfill sites590
2.23.10 Radiation associated with the nuclear industry592
2.23.11 Video display terminals (VDTs)594
2.23.12 Mobile phones596
2.23.13 Other sources of electromagnetic radiation596
2.23.14 Electric shocks and lightning strikes598
Chapter 3 General commentary on drug therapy and drug risk during lactation609
3.1 The advantages of breastfeeding versus the risks of maternal medication609
3.2 The passage of medications into the mother's milk612
3.3 Infant characteristics613
3.4 Milk plasma ratio614
3.5 Amount of medication in the milk and relative dose615
3.6 Toxicity of medications in the mother's milk617
3.7 Medications that affect lactation619
3.8 Breastfeeding support620
Chapter 4 Specific drug therapies during lactation621
4.1 Analgesics, antiphlogistics and anesthetics623
4.1.1 Paracetamol623
4.1.2 Acetylsalicylic acid624
4.1.3 Opioid analgesics and other centrally acting analgesics625
4.1.4 Classic nonsteroid anti-inflammatory drugs627
4.1.5 Selective cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitors629
4.1.6 Pyrazolone- and phenylbutazone derivatives629
4.1.7 Other antirheumatics630
4.1.8 Migraine medications631
4.1.9 Local anesthetics632
4.1.10 Other medications used in connection with anesthesia633
4.1.11 Myotonolytics634
4.1.12 Gout therapy635
4.2 Antiallergics, antiasthmatics, and antitussives639
4.2.1 Antihistamines (H[sub(1)]-blockers)639
4.2.2 β[sub(2)]-sympathomimetics for asthma treatment641
4.2.3 Other sympathomimetics642
4.2.4 Anticholinergics for asthma treatment642
4.2.5 Theophylline642
4.2.6 Cromoglycic acid and nedocromil643
4.2.7 Corticoids643
4.2.8 Leukotrien-receptor antagonists644
4.2.9 Acetylcysteine and other mucolytics644
4.2.10 Antitussives644
4.3 Gastrointestinal drugs648
4.3.1 Antacids648
4.3.2 H[sub(2)]-receptor blockers and other ulcer therapeutics649
4.3.3 Peristaltic stimulators650
4.3.4 Cholinergics651
4.3.5 Anticholinergic spasmolytics652
4.3.6 Laxatives652
4.3.7 Agents used for chronic inflammatory bowel diseases653
4.3.8 Antidiarrheals for acute diarrhea654
4.3.9 Carminatives654
4.3.10 Lipid reducers655
4.3.11 Chenodeoxycholic acid and ursodeoxycholic acid655
4.3.12 Appetite suppressants656
4.3.13 Antiemetics656
4.4 Anti-infectives659
4.4.1 Antibiotics in general660
4.4.2 Penicillins, cephalosporins, and other β-lactam antibiotics660
4.4.3 Erythromycin and other macrolides661
4.4.4 Tetracyclines662
4.4.5 Dapsone, nitrofurantoin, and other drugs for urinary tract infections662
4.4.6 Quinolones663
4.4.7 Other antibiotics and urinary tract antiseptics664
4.4.8 Nitroimidazole antibiotics665
4.4.9 Aminoglycoside antibiotics665
4.4.10 Tuberculostatics666
4.4.11 Malarial drugs667
4.4.12 Local antimycotics668
4.4.13 Systemic antimycotics668
4.4.14 Antihelminthics669
4.4.15 Acyclovir, antiretroviral drugs, and other virustatics670
4.5 Vaccines and immunoglobulins674
4.5.1 Maternal immunization674
4.5.2 Efficacy of immunization in breastfed infants675
4.5.3 Hepatitis A vaccine675
4.5.4 Hepatitis B vaccine675
4.5.5 Influenza vaccine676
4.5.6 Polio vaccine676
4.5.7 Rabies vaccine677
4.5.8 Rubella vaccine677
4.5.9 Smallpox vaccine677
4.5.10 Typhoid vaccine678
4.5.11 Immunoglobulins678
4.6 Cardiovascular drugs and diuretics680
β-receptor blockers680
4.6.2 Hydralazine682
4.6.3 α-methyldopa682
4.6.4 Calcium antagonists683
4.6.5 ACE inhibitors684
4.6.6 Angiotensin-II receptor-antagonists684
4.6.7 Other antihypertensives685
4.6.8 Dihydroergotamine and other antihypotensives686
4.6.9 Digitalis686
4.6.10 Antiarrhythmics687
4.6.11 Diuretics690
4.6.12 Circulatory drugs and vasodilators691
4.7 Anticoagulants and fibrinolytics695
4.7.1 Heparin695
4.7.2 Vitamin K antagonists (coumarin derivatives and indanediones)696
4.7.3 Other anticoagulants696
4.7.4 Fibrinolytics697
4.8 Antiepileptics699
4.8.1 Carbamazepine700
4.8.2 Clobazam and clonazepam700
4.8.3 Ethosuximide and mesuximide701
4.8.4 Phenobarbitone (phenobarbital), primidone, and barbexaclone701
4.8.5 Phenytoin702
4.8.6 Valproic acid702
4.8.7 Recommendations: classical anticonvulsants703
4.8.8 Gabapentin703
4.8.9 Lamotrigine704
4.8.10 Levetiracetam704
4.8.11 Oxcarbazepine704
4.8.12 Topiramate705
4.8.13 Vigabatrin705
4.8.14 Zonisamide705
4.8.15 Recommendations: newer antiepileptics705
4.9 Psychotropic drugs708
4.9.1 Antidepressants in general708
4.9.2 Tri- and tetracyclic antidepressants709
4.9.3 Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors714
4.9.4 Other antidepressants718
4.9.5 Phenothiazine and thioxanthene neuroleptics720
4.9.6 Butyrophenones724
4.9.7 Atypical neuroleptics724
4.9.8 Antimanic drugs727
4.9.9 Benzodiazepines727
4.9.10 Other anxiolytics730
4.9.11 Other hypnotics731
4.9.12 Psychoanaleptics732
4.9.13 Parkinson drugs732
4.10 Immunomodulating and antineoplastic agents738
4.10.1 Immunosuppressive and immune antineoplastic agents738
4.10.2 Antineoplastics740
4.11 Hormones and hormone antagonists746
4.11.1 Pituitary and hypothalamic hormones746
4.11.2 Methylergometrine (methylergonovine)747
4.11.3 Bromocriptine and other prolactin inhibitors748
4.11.4 Thyroid hormones and thyroid receptor antibodies749
4.11.5 Thyrostatics750
4.11.6 Iodine751
4.11.7 Corticosteroids752
4.11.8 Adrenaline753
4.11.9 Insulin and oral antidiabetics754
4.11.10 Estrogens, gestagens, and hormonal contraceptives755
4.11.11 Androgens and anabolics757
4.11.12 Cyproterone acetate and other sex-hormone inhibitors757
4.11.13 Prostaglandins758
4.12 Dermatological drugs and local therapeutics762
4.12.1 General aspects of external applications: cosmetics, hair products, sunscreens762
4.12.2 Medications for lice and scabies763
4.12.3 Treatments for acne and psoriasis765
4.12.4 Other dermatological medications766
4.12.5 Eye, ear, and nose drops766
4.12.6 Vaginal therapeutics767
4.12.7 Vein therapeutics and other local therapeutics768
4.13 Alternative remedies, vitamins, and minerals771
4.13.1 Alternative remedies and phytotherapeutics771
4.13.2 Herbal galactogogues and anti-galactogogues773
4.13.3 Topical treatment for breast problems775
4.13.4 Vitamins, minerals, and trace elements775
4.13.5 Biphosphonates776
4.13.6 Exercise777
4.13.7 Glucose 6-phosphate-dehydrogenase deficiency777
4.14 Diagnostics779
4.14.1 X-ray studies, ultrasound, and magnetic resonance779
4.14.2 Iodine-containing contrast media780
4.14.3 Radionuclides781
4.14.4 Magnetic resonance contrast agents782
4.14.5 Fluorescein783
4.14.6 Other diagnostics784
4.15 Infections786
4.15.1 Simple infections786
4.15.2 Mastitis787
4.15.3 Hepatitis A787
4.15.4 Hepatitis B788
4.15.5 Hepatitis C788
4.15.6 Hepatitis E790
4.15.7 Herpes simplex790
4.15.8 Herpes zoster (shingles), chickenpox791
4.15.9 HIV infection791
4.15.10 Human cytomegalovirus793
4.15.11 Tuberculosis794
4.15.12 Other infectious diseases794
4.16 Recreational drugs797
4.16.1 Alcohol797
4.16.2 Caffeine798
4.16.3 Cannabis800
4.16.4 Cocaine800
4.16.5 Nicotine801
4.16.6 Opiates, including methadone803
4.16.7 Other drugs804
4.17 Plant toxins808
4.18 Industrial chemicals and environmental contaminants810
4.18.1 Persistent organochlorine compounds (pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls and dioxins)811
4.18.2 Mercury816
4.18.3 Lead818
4.18.4 Cadmium819
4.18.5 Other contaminants820
4.18.6 Breastfeeding despite environmental contaminants?821
4.18.7 Breastfeeding and the workplace822
Appendix A: Teratology information services and centers827
Appendix B: Addresses for breastfeeding support839
Subject Index853
A853
B855
C856
D858
E860
F861
G861
H862
I863
J864
K864
L864
M865
N867
O868
P868
Q870
R871
S871
T872
U874
V874
W875
X875
Y875
Z875

Book details

Vendor Elsevier S & T
SKU 9780444520722
ISBN-13 9780080549774
Author Schaefer, Christof; Peters, Paul W.J.; Miller, Richard K
Edition 2nd
Category Medical
Subject Pharmacology

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The latest edition is the resource for any practicing OB/GYN, family physician, midwife, or pharmacist who prescribes medicinal products to or evaluates environmental or occupational exposures in women who are or may become pregnant. Based on the highly successful seven German editions of this reference, the up-to-date drug listings have been revised into a handy pocket guide color tabbed for quick access to important information. Easy to reference each drug is listed discussing the side effects, general impact on organ systems, potential toxicity, and risks before offering dosage recommendations. It is the only book of its kind to provide conclusive information on treatments for diseases during pregnancy and lactation and actions to be taken after (inadvertant) exposure to drugs suspected to be developmentaly toxic. Unlike other dosage guides, this edition is an affordable, compact compendium of knowledge on the very latest drugs and their effects on pregnant/lactating women.

* Provides conclusive information on the prevention of birth defects through the safe use of drugs before pregnancy, as well as during pregnancy and lactation

* Essential new information on herbs, vitamins, and nutrition supplements used during pregnancy

* Structured according to indication group, rather than alphabetically, providing a more user-friendly guide that makes it easier to compare drugs

* Includes a conveniently removable 'quick reference' card of most frequently used drugs and their safety

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