Dynamical Paleoclimatology: Generalized Theory of Global Climate Change
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Table of contents
- Cover
- Contentsvii
- Prologuexv
- Acknowledgmentsxix
- List of Symbolsxxi
- Part I: Foundations1
- CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION: The Basic Challenge3
- 1.1 The Climate System3
- 1.2 Some Basic Observations4
- 1.3 External Forcing9
- 1.4 The Ice-Age Problem14
- CHAPTER 2. TECHNIQUES FOR CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTION17
- 2.1 Historical Methods17
- 2.2 Surficial Biogeologic Proxy Evidence18
- 2.3 Conventional Nonisotopic Stratigraphic Analyses of Sedimentary Rock and Ice20
- 2.4 Isotopic Methods23
- 2.5 Nonisotopic Geochemical Methods26
- 2.6 Dating the Proxy Evidence (Geochronometry)27
- CHAPTER 3. A SURVEY OF GLOBAL PALEOCLIMATIC VARIATIONS30
- 3.1 The Phanerozoic Eon (Past 600 My)31
- 3.2 The Cenozoic Era (Past 65 My)34
- 3.3 The Plio-Pleistocene (Past 5 My)35
- 3.4 Variations during the Last Ice Age: IRD Events37
- 3.5 The Last Glacial Maximum (20 ka)38
- 3.6 Postglacial Changes: The Past 20 ky39
- 3.7 The Past 100 Years40
- 3.8 The Generalized Spectrum of Climatic Variance41
- 3.9 A Qualitative Discussion of Causes44
- CHAPTER 4. GENERAL THEORETICAL CONSIDERATIONS47
- 4.1 The Fundamental Equations47
- 4.2 Time Averaging and Stochastic Forcing51
- 4.3 Response Times and Equilibrium55
- 4.4 Spatial Averaging60
- 4.5 Climatic-Mean Mass and Energy Balance Equations63
- CHAPTER 5. SPECIAL THEORETICAL CONSIDERATIONS FOR PALEOCLIMATE: Structuring a Dynamical Approach68
- 5.1 A Basic Problem: Noncalculable Levels of Energy and Mass Flow69
- 5.2 An Overall Strategy72
- 5.3 Notational Simplifications for Resolving Total Climate Variability74
- 5.4 A Structured Dynamical Approach76
- 5.5 The External Forcing Function, F82
- CHAPTER 6. BASIC CONCEPTS OF DYNAMICAL SYSTEMS ANALYSIS : Prototypical Climatic Applications84
- 6.1 Local (or Internal) Stability84
- 6.2 The Generic Cubic Nonlinearity86
- 6.3 Structural (or External) Stability: Elements of Bifurcation Theory87
- 6.4 Multivariable Systems92
- 6.5 A Prototype Two-Variable Model95
- 6.6 The Prototype Two-Variable System as a Stochastic-Dynamical System: Effects of Random Forcing103
- 6.7 More Than Two-Variable Systems: Deterministic Chaos108
- Part II: Physics of the Separate Domains111
- CHAPTER 7. MODELING THE ATMOSPHERE AND SURFACE STATE AS FAST-RESPONSE COMPONENTS113
- 7.1 The General Circulation Model114
- 7.2 Lower Resolution Models: Statistical-Dynamical Models and the Energy Balance Model115
- 7.3 Thermodynamic Models119
- 7.4 The Basic Energy Balance Model121
- 7.5 Equilibria and Dynamical Properties of the Zero-Dimensional (Global Average) EBM123
- 7.6 Stochastic Resonance127
- 7.7 The One-Dimensional (Latitude-Dependent) EBM129
- 7.8 Transitivity Properties of the Atmospheric and Surface Climatic State: Inferences from a GCM132
- 7.9 Closure Relationships Based on GCM Sensitivity Experiments134
- 7.10 Formal Feedback Analysis of the Fast-Response Equilibrium State139
- 7.11 Paleoclimatic Simulations143
- CHAPTER 8. THE SLOW-RESPONSE ''CONTROL" VARIABLES: An Overview146
- 8.1 The Ice Sheets147
- 8.2 Greenhouse Gases: Carbon Dioxide149
- 8.3 The Thermohaline Ocean State151
- 8.4 A Three-Dimensional Phase-Space Trajectory154
- CHAPTER 9. GLOBAL DYNAMICS OF THE ICE SHEETS158
- 9.1 Basic Equations and Boundary Conditions158
- 9.2 A Scale Analysis163
- 9.3 The Vertically Integrated Ice-Sheet Model166
- 9.4 The Surface Mass Balance168
- 9.5 Basal Temperature and Melting169
- 9.6 Deformable Basal Regolith171
- 9.7 Ice Streams and Ice Shelves172
- 9.8 Bedrock Depression172
- 9.9 Sea Level Change and the Ice Sheets: The Depression-Calving Hypothesis173
- 9.10 Paleoclimatic Applications of the Vertically Integrated Model176
- 9.11 A Global Dynamical Equation for Ice Mass177
- CHAPTER 10. DYNAMICS OF ATMOSPHERIC CO2181
- 10.1 The Air-Sea Flux, Q↑183
- 10.2 Terrestrial Organic Carbon Exchange, WG↑192
- 10.3 Outgassing Processes, V↑196
- 10.4 Rock Weathering Downdraw, W↓197
- 10.5 A Global Dynamical Equation for Atmospheric CO2200
- 10.6 Modeling the Tectonically Forced CO2 Variations, μ: Long-Term Rock Processes200
- 10.7 Overview of the Full Global Carbon Cycle205
- CHAPTER 11. SIMPLIFIED DYNAMICS OF THE THERMOHALINE OCEAN STATE206
- 11.1 General Equations208
- 11.2 A Prototype Four-Box Ocean Model210
- 11.3 The Wind-Driven, Local-Convective, and Baroclinic Eddy Circulations211
- 11.4 The Two-Box Thermohaline Circulation Model: Possible Bimodality of the Ocean State216
- 11.5 Integral Equations for the Deep Ocean State226
- 11.6 Global Dynamical Equations for the Thermohaline State: θ and Sφ229
- Part III: Unified Dynamical Theory233
- CHAPTER 12. THE COUPLED FAST- AND SLOW-RESPONSE VARIABLES AS A GLOBAL DYNAMICAL SYSTEM: Outline of a235
- 12.1 The Unified Model: A Paleoclimate Dynamics Model236
- 12.2 Feedback-Loop Representation238
- 12.3 Elimination of the Fast-Response Variables: The Center Manifold241
- 12.4 Sources of Instability: The Dissipative Rate Constants242
- 12.5 Formal Separation into Tectonic Equilibrium and Departure Equations244
- CHAPTER 13. FORCED EVOLUTION OF THE TECTONIC-MEAN CLIMATIC STATE247
- 13.1 Effects of Changing Solar Luminosity and Rotation Rate248
- 13.2 General Effects of Changing Land–Ocean Distribution and Topography ( h)249
- 13.3 Effects of Long–Term Variations of Volcanic and Cosmic Dust and Bolides253
- 13.4 Multimillion–Year Evolution of CO2255
- 13.5 Possible Role of Salinity-Driven Instability of the Tectonic- Mean State260
- 13.6 Snapshot Atmospheric and Surficial Equilibrium Responses to Prescribed y-Fields Using GCMs261
- CHAPTER 14. THE LATE CENOZOIC ICE-AGE DEPARTURES: An Overview of Previous Ideas and Models262
- 14.1 General Review: Forced vs. Free Models262
- 14.2 Forced Ice-Line Models (Box 1, Fig. 14-1)266
- 14.3 Ice-Sheet Inertia Models267
- 14.4 The Need for Enhancement of the Coupled Ice-SheetlAtmospheric Climate Models271
- 14.5 Ice-Sheet Variables Coupled with Additional Slow-Response Variables272
- 14.6 Carbon Dioxide, μ (Box 10)274
- 14.7 Summary276
- CHAPTER 15. A GLOBAL THEORY OF THE LATE CENOZOIC ICE AGES : Glacial Onset and Oscillation278
- 15.1 Specialization of the Model279
- 15.2 The 100-ky Oscillation as a Free Response: Determination of the Adjustable Parameters282
- 15.3 Milankovitch Forcing of the Free Oscillation286
- 15.4 Structural Stability as a Function of the Tectonic CO2 Level288
- 15.5 A More Complete Solution290
- 15.6 Predictions295
- 15.7 Robustness and Sensitivity297
- 15.8 Summary: A Revival of the CO2 Theory of the Ice Ages298
- CHAPTER 16. MILLENNIAL-SCALE VARIATIONS301
- 16.1 Theory of Heinrich Oscillations303
- 16.2 Dynamics of the D-O Scale Oscillations311
- CHAPTER 17. CLOSING THOUGHTS: EPILOGUE314
- 17.1 Toward a More Complete Theory314
- 17.2 Epilogue: The Ice AgesŽ and PhysicsŽ318
- Bibliography321
- Index343
- List of Volumes in the Series351
- Color Plate Section355
The book discusses the ideas and creates a framework for building toward a theory of paleoclimate. Using the rich and mounting array of observational evidence of climatic changes from geology, geochemistry, and paleontology, Saltzman offers a dynamical approach to the theory of paleoclimate evolution and an expanded theory of climate.
Saltzman was a distinquished authority on dynamical meteorology. This book provides a comprehensive framework based on dynamical system ideas for a theory of climate and paleoclimatic evolution which is intended for graduate students and research workers in paleoclimatology, earth system studies, and global change research. The book includes an extensive bibliography of geological and physical/dynamical references.
Written by the late Barry Saltzman who was a distinquished authority on dynamical meteorology
This book provides a comprehensive framework based on dynamical system ideas for a theory of climate and paleoclimatic evolution
The book includes extensive bibliography of geological and physical/dynamical references
Saltzman was a distinquished authority on dynamical meteorology. This book provides a comprehensive framework based on dynamical system ideas for a theory of climate and paleoclimatic evolution which is intended for graduate students and research workers in paleoclimatology, earth system studies, and global change research. The book includes an extensive bibliography of geological and physical/dynamical references.
Written by the late Barry Saltzman who was a distinquished authority on dynamical meteorology
This book provides a comprehensive framework based on dynamical system ideas for a theory of climate and paleoclimatic evolution
The book includes extensive bibliography of geological and physical/dynamical references