Earth as an Evolving Planetary System
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Table of contents
- Cover
- Contentsvii
- Prefacev
- Chapter 1. Earth Systems1
- Earth as a Planetary System1
- Structure of the Earth3
- Plate Tectonics5
- Is the Earth Unique?8
- Interacting Earth Systems9
- Further Reading11
- Chapter 2. The Crust13
- Introduction13
- Crustal Types14
- Continent Size18
- Seismic Crustal Structure19
- Heat Flow25
- Exhumation and Cratonization30
- Processes in the Continental Crust34
- Crustal Composition36
- Crustal Provinces and Terranes47
- Crustal Province and Terrane Boundaries52
- The United Plates of America53
- Supercontinents54
- Further Reading57
- Chapter 3. Tectonic Settings59
- Introduction59
- Ocean Ridges60
- Tectonic Settings Related to Mantle Plumes.66
- Continental Rifts74
- Cratons and Passive Margins77
- Arc Systems78
- Orogens90
- Uncertain Tectonic Settings97
- Mineral and Energy Deposits107
- Plate Tectonics with Time112
- Further Reading114
- Chapter 4. The Mantle115
- Introduction115
- Seismic Structure of the Mantle115
- Mantle Upwellings and Geoid Anomalies118
- Temperature Distribution in the Mantle120
- The Lithosphere122
- The Low-Velocity Zone132
- The Transition Zone133
- The Lower Mantle137
- Plate-Driving Forces140
- Mantle Plumes141
- Mantle Geochemical Components146
- Convection in the Mantle154
- Further Reading160
- Chapter 5. The Core161
- Introduction161
- Core Temperature162
- The Inner Core162
- Composition of the Core164
- Age of the Core166
- Generation of the Earth's Magnetic Field167
- Origin of the Core172
- Where Do We Go From Here?173
- Further Reading174
- Chapter 6. The Atmosphere and Oceans175
- Introduction175
- General Features of the Atmosphere175
- The Primitive Atmosphere177
- The Secondary Atmosphere178
- The Carbon Cycle182
- The Precambrian Atmosphere184
- The Origin of Oxygen185
- Phanerozoic Atmospheric History196
- The Oceans198
- Paleoclimates210
- Conclusions220
- Further Reading221
- Chapter 7. Living Systems223
- General Features223
- Origin of Life223
- First Fossils233
- Origin of Photosynthesis235
- Tree of Life236
- Stromatolites238
- Appearance of Eukaryotes239
- Origin of Metazoans240
- Neoproterozoic Multicellular Organisms241
- Evolution of Phanerozoic Life Forms244
- Biologic Benchmarks245
- Mass Extinctions245
- Further Reading262
- Chapter 8. Crustal and Mantle Evolution265
- Introduction265
- Earth's Thermal History265
- Earth's Primitive Crust266
- Earth's Oldest Rocks and Minerals270
- Crustal Origin276
- How Continents Grew277
- Continental Growth Rates282
- Secular Changes in the Crust292
- Secular Changes in the Mantle302
- Evolution of the CrustƒMantle System310
- Further Reading313
- Chapter 9. The Supercontinent Cycle and Mantle-Plume Events315
- Introduction315
- Supercontinent Cycle316
- Supercontinents, Mantle Plumes, and Earth Systems327
- Mantle-Plume Events Through Time331
- What Causes a Mantle-Plume Event?347
- Mantle-Plume Events and Supercontinents350
- Further Reading354
- Chapter 10. Comparative Planetary Evolution355
- Introduction355
- Impact Chronology in the Inner Solar System356
- Members of the Solar System356
- Chemical Composition of the Earth and the Moon381
- Age and Early Evolution of the Earth383
- Comparative Evolution of the Atmospheres of the Earth, Venus, and Mars385
- Continuously Habitable Zone388
- Condensation and Accretion of the Planets388
- Origin of the Moon396
- Earth's Rotational History401
- Comparative Planetary Evolution.402
- Further Reading405
- References407
- Index443
- Color Plate SectionColor Plat
Earth as an Evolving Planetary System presents the key topics and questions relating to the evolution of the Earth's crust and mantle over the last four billion years. It examines the role of plate tectonics in the geological past via geological evidence and proposed plate reconstruction.
Kent Condie synthesizes data from the fields of oceanography, geophysics, planetology, and geochemistry to examine the key topics and questions relating to the evolution of the Earth's crust and mantle. This volume provides a substantial update to Condie's established text, Plate Tectonics and Crustal Evolution, 4E. It emphasizes the interactive nature of various components of the Earth system on time scales of tens to hundreds of millions of years, and how these interactions have affected the history of the atmosphere, oceans, and biosphere.
* New insight on interaction and evolution of Earth system
* Examines the role of castrophic events in Earth's history
* New section on the evolution of the mantle
Kent Condie synthesizes data from the fields of oceanography, geophysics, planetology, and geochemistry to examine the key topics and questions relating to the evolution of the Earth's crust and mantle. This volume provides a substantial update to Condie's established text, Plate Tectonics and Crustal Evolution, 4E. It emphasizes the interactive nature of various components of the Earth system on time scales of tens to hundreds of millions of years, and how these interactions have affected the history of the atmosphere, oceans, and biosphere.
* New insight on interaction and evolution of Earth system
* Examines the role of castrophic events in Earth's history
* New section on the evolution of the mantle