Earth System Science: From Biogeochemical Cycles to Global Changes
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Table of contents
- Copyright Pageiv
- Contentsv
- Authorsx
- Preface to the Second Editionxii
- Preface to the First Editionxiii
- Part One: Basic Concepts for Earth System Science1
- Chapter 1. Introduction: Biogeochemical Cycles as Fundamental Constructs for Studying Earth System3
- 1.1 Introduction3
- 1.2 History5
- 1.3 Evidence for the Coupled Nature of the Earth System6
- 1.4 Philosophy of Using the Cycle Approach to Describe Natural Systems on Earth9
- 1.5 Reservoir Models and Cycles – Some Definitions9
- 1.6 The Philosophy of Integration as a Basis for Understanding the Earth System11
- 1.7 The Limitations and Challenges of Understanding Earth Systems12
- References12
- Chapter 2. The Origin and Early Evolution of the Earth14
- 2.1 Introduction14
- 2.2 Pre-Solar Evolution: The Origin of the Elements14
- 2.3 The Origin of the Solar System19
- 2.4 Condensation20
- 2.5 Accretion of the Planets23
- 2.6 Early Evolution of the Earth25
- 2.7 Earth and the Development of Life27
- References28
- Chapter 3. Evolution and the Biosphere29
- 3.1 The Origin of Life on Earth29
- 3.2 The Machinery of Life31
- 3.3 Evolutionary Mechanisms35
- 3.4 The Diversity of Living Organisms42
- 3.5 The Ecological Organization of the Living World46
- 3.6 The Impact of Life on Biogeochemical Cycles48
- 3.7 How Biogeochemical Cycles Affect Life53
- References55
- Appendix57
- Chapter 4. Modeling Biogeochemical Cycles62
- 4.1 Introductory Remarks62
- 4.2 Time Scales and Single Reservoir Systems62
- 4.3 Coupled Reservoirs67
- 4.4 Fluxes Influenced by the Receiving Reservoir73
- 4.5 Coupled Cycles73
- 4.6 Forward and Inverse Modeling74
- 4.7 High-Resolution Models74
- 4.8 Transport Processes76
- 4.9 Time Scales of Mixing in the Atmosphere and Oceans81
- Questions83
- References83
- Chapter 5. Equilibrium, Rate, and Natural Systems85
- 5.1 Introduction85
- 5.2 Thermodynamics85
- 5.3 Oxidation and Reduction91
- 5.4 Chemical Kinetics96
- 5.5 Non-Equilibrium Natural Systems101
- 5.6 Summary103
- Questions103
- References104
- Part Two: Properties of and Transfers between the Key Reservoirs107
- Chapter 6. Water and the Hydrosphere109
- 6.1 Introduction109
- 6.2 Global Water Balance112
- 6.3 Hydrologic Variability119
- 6.4 Water and Climate124
- 6.5 Water and Biogeochemical Cycles127
- 6.6 Water and the Tectonic Cycles128
- 6.7 Anthropogenic Influences128
- 6.8 Conclusion129
- References130
- Chapter 7. The Atmosphere132
- 7.1 Definition132
- 7.2 The Vertical Structure of the Atmosphere133
- 7.3 Vertical Motions, Relative Humidity, and Clouds136
- 7.4 The Ozone Layer and the Stratosphere137
- 7.5 Horizontal Motions, Atmospheric Transport, and Dispersion138
- 7.6 Composition142
- 7.7 Atmospheric Water and Cloud Microphysics144
- 7.8 Trace Atmospheric Constituents146
- 7.9 Chemical Interactions of Trace Atmospheric Constituents150
- 7.10 Physical Transformations of Trace Substances in the Atmosphere152
- 7.11 Influence of Atmospheric Composition on Climate153
- 7.12 Chemical Processes and Exchanges at the Lower and Upper Boundaries of the Atmosphere156
- References157
- Chapter 8. Soils, Watershed Processes, and Marine Sediments159
- 8.1 Introduction159
- 8.2 Weathering160
- 8.3 Soils164
- 8.4 Watershed Processes177
- 8.5 Marine Sediments184
- 8.6 Soils, Weathering, and Global Biogeochemical Cycles189
- Questions190
- References190
- Chapter 9. Tectonic Processes and Erosion195
- 9.1 Introduction195
- 9.2 Erosion, a Capsule Summary196
- 9.3 Soils and the Local Weathering Environment198
- 9.4 Slope Processes and the Susceptibility of Lithologies to Erosion202
- 9.5 Landforms, Tectonism, Sea Level, and Erosion206
- 9.6 Erosion in Tectonically Active Areas212
- 9.7 Erosion of the Cratons216
- 9.8 The Effects of Transients: Continental Ice Sheets and Human Technology220
- 9.9 Conclusion223
- Questions224
- References224
- Chapter 10. The Oceans230
- 10.1 What is the Ocean?230
- 10.2 Ocean Circulation232
- 10.3 Biological Processes246
- 10.4 Chemistry of the Oceans255
- Questions273
- References273
- Part Three: Biogeochemical Cycles279
- Chapter 11. The Global Carbon Cycle282
- 11.1 Introduction282
- 11.2 The Isotopes of Carbon283
- 11.3 The Major Reservoirs of Carbon284
- 11.4 Fluxes of Carbon between Reservoirs297
- 11.5 Models of the Carbon Cycle302
- 11.6 Trends in the Carbon Cycle303
- References309
- Chapter 12. The Nitrogen Cycle322
- 12.1 Introduction322
- 12.2 Chemistry322
- 12.3 Biological Transformations of Nitrogen325
- 12.4 Anthropogenic Nitrogen Fixation328
- 12.5 Atmospheric Chemistry329
- 12.6 The Global Nitrogen Cycle331
- 12.7 Human Impacts334
- Questions339
- References340
- Chapter 13. The Sulfur Cycle343
- 13.1 Introduction343
- 13.2 Oxidation States of Sulfur344
- 13.3 Sulfur Reservoirs346
- 13.4 The Atmospheric Cycle of Sulfur347
- 13.5 Hydrospheric Cycle of Sulfur354
- Questions358
- References358
- Chapter 14. The Phosphorus Cycle360
- 14.1 Occurrence of Phosphorus360
- 14.2 Sub-Global Phosphorus Transfers364
- 14.3 The Global Phosphorus Cycle367
- Questions373
- References374
- Chapter 15. Trace Metals377
- 15.1 Introduction377
- 15.2 Metals and Geochemistry377
- 15.3 An Overview of Metal Ion Chemistry381
- 15.4 Observations on Metals in Natural Systems402
- 15.5 Examples of Global Metal Cycling406
- 15.6 Summary414
- Questions415
- References416
- Part Four: Integration419
- Chapter 16. The Acid–Base and Oxidation–Reduction Balances of the Earth421
- 16.1 Introduction421
- 16.2 A Hierarchy of Acid–Base Balances422
- 16.3 Oxidation–Reduction Balances of the Earth System428
- 16.4 Conclusion437
- References437
- Chapter 17. The Coupling of Biogeochemical Cycles and Climate: Forcings, Feedbacks, and Responses439
- 17.1 The Climate System439
- 17.2 The Dynamics of the Climate System: Forcings, Feedbacks, and Responses442
- 17.3 Forcings of Climate446
- 17.4 Feedbacks450
- 17.5 Climatic States and Responses456
- References457
- Chapter 18. Ice Sheets and the Ice-Core Record of Climate Change459
- 18.1 Introduction459
- 18.2 Quaternary Climate Change460
- 18.3 Ice Sheets as Paleoclimate Archives466
- 18.4 Some Lessons in Environmental History489
- References494
- Chapter 19. Human Modification of the Earth System: Global Change498
- 19.1 Global Climate Change498
- 19.2 Acid Precipitation500
- 19.3 Food Production501
- 19.4 Stratospheric Ozone Depletion501
- 19.5 Large-Scale Eutrophication503
- 19.6 Oxidative Capacity of the Global Troposphere503
- 19.7 Life and Biogeochemical Cycles504
- 19.8 Conclusion507
- References506
- Answers to Questions509
- Index511
- International Geophysics Series525
- Color Plate SectionPlate 1
Over the last decade, the study of cycles as a model for the earth's changing climate has become a new science. Earth Systems Science is the basis for understanding all aspects of anthropogenic global change, such as chemically forced global climate change. The work is aimed at those students interested in the emerging scientific discipline.
Earth Systems Science is an integrated discipline that has been rapidly developing over the last two decades. New information is included in this updated edition so that the text remains relevant.
This volume contains five new chapters, but of special importance is the inclusion of an expanded set of student exercises.
The two senior authors are leading scientists in their fields and have been awarded numerous prizes for their research efforts.
* First edition was widely adopted
* Authors are highly respected in their field
* Global climate change, integral to the book, is now one of the most important issues in atmospheric sciences and oceanography
Earth Systems Science is an integrated discipline that has been rapidly developing over the last two decades. New information is included in this updated edition so that the text remains relevant.
This volume contains five new chapters, but of special importance is the inclusion of an expanded set of student exercises.
The two senior authors are leading scientists in their fields and have been awarded numerous prizes for their research efforts.
* First edition was widely adopted
* Authors are highly respected in their field
* Global climate change, integral to the book, is now one of the most important issues in atmospheric sciences and oceanography