Environmental and Pollution Science
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Table of contents
- Cover
- Table of Contentsvii
- Prefacexv
- The Editorsxvii
- Contributing Authorsxviii
- The Department of Soil, Water and Environmental Science (SWES)xx
- Part 1: Processes Affecting Fate and Transport of Contaminants1
- Chapter 1. The Extent of Global Pollution3
- 1.1 Science and Pollution4
- 1.2 Global Perspective of the Environment5
- 1.3 Pollution and Population Pressures6
- 1.4 Overview of Environmental Characterization8
- 1.5 Advances in Analytical Detection Technology10
- 1.6 The Risk Based Approach to Pollution Science10
- 1.7 Waste Management, Site Remediation, and Ecosystem Restoration12
- References and Additional Reading12
- Chapter 2. Physical-Chemical Characteristics of Soils and the Subsurface13
- 2.1 Soil and Subsurface Environments14
- 2.2 Solid Phase14
- 2.3 Gaseous Phase20
- 2.4 Liquid Phase21
- 2.5 Basic Physical Properties21
- Questions and Problems23
- References and Additional Reading23
- Chapter 3. Physical-Chemical Characteristics of Waters24
- 3.1 The Watery Planet25
- 3.2 Unique Properties of Water26
- 3.3 Mechanical Properties27
- 3.4 The Universal Solvent28
- 3.5 Oxidation-Reduction Reactions32
- 3.6 Light in Aquatic Environments33
- 3.7 Oceans34
- 3.8 Lakes and Reservoirs„The Lentic System35
- 3.9 Streams and Rivers„The Lotic System37
- 3.10 Groundwater„Water in the Subsurface38
- 3.11 A Watershed Approach44
- Questions and Problems44
- References and Additional Reading45
- Chapter 4. Physical-Chemical Characteristics of the Atmosphere46
- 4.1 Chemical Composition47
- 4.2 Physical Properties and Structure49
- Questions and Problems57
- References and Additional Reading57
- Chapter 5. Biotic Characteristics of the Environment58
- 5.1 Major Groups of Organisms59
- 5.2 Microorganisms in Surface Soils63
- 5.3 Microorganisms in the Subsurface69
- 5.4 Biological Generation of Energy69
- 5.5 Soil as an Environment for Microbes70
- 5.6 Activity and Physiological State of Microbes in Soil72
- 5.7 Enumeration of Soil Bacteria via Dilution and Plating73
- 5.8 Microorganisms in Air73
- 5.9 Microorganisms in Surface Waters76
- Questions and Problems77
- References and Additional Reading77
- Chapter 6. Physical Processes Affecting Contaminant Transport and Fate78
- 6.1 Contaminant Transport and Fate in the Environment79
- 6.2 Contaminant Properties80
- 6.3 Advection81
- 6.4 Dispersion82
- 6.5 Mass Transfer83
- 6.6 Transformation Reactions83
- 6.7 Characterizing Spatial and Temporal Distributions of Contaminants83
- 6.8 Estimating Phase Distributions of Contaminants85
- 6.9 Quantifying Contaminant Transport and Fate86
- Questions and Problems87
- References and Additional Reading88
- Chapter 7. Chemical Processes Affecting Contaminant Transport and Fate89
- 7.1 Introduction90
- 7.2 Basic Properties of Inorganic Contaminants90
- 7.3 Basic Properties of Organic Contaminants94
- 7.4 Sorption Processes97
- 7.5 Abiotic Transformation Reactions101
- Questions and Problems104
- References and Additional Reading104
- Chapter 8. Biological Processes Affecting Contaminant Transport and Fate105
- 8.1 Biological Effects on Pollutants106
- 8.2 The Overall Process of Biodegradation106
- 8.3 Microbial Activity and Biodegradation108
- 8.4 Biodegradation Pathways112
- 8.5 Transformation of Metal Pollutants117
- Questions and Problems120
- References and Additional Reading120
- Part 2: Monitoring, Assessment, and Regulation of Environmental Pollution121
- Chapter 9. Physical Contaminants123
- 9.1 Particle Origins124
- 9.2 Particle Size124
- 9.3 Particles in Air or Aerosols125
- 9.4 Particulates in Water128
- 9.5 Summary130
- Questions and Problems131
- References and Additional Reading131
- Chapter 10. Chemical Contaminants132
- 10.1 Introduction133
- 10.2 Types of Contaminants133
- 10.3 Sources: Agricultural Activities133
- 10.4 Sources: Industrial and Manufacturing Activities138
- 10.5 Sources: Municipal Waste138
- 10.6 Sources: Service-Related Activities140
- 10.7 Sources: Resource Extraction/Production141
- 10.8 Sources: Radioactive Contaminants141
- 10.9 Natural Sources of Contaminants143
- Questions and Problems143
- References and Additional Reading143
- Chapter 11. Microbial Contaminants144
- 11.1 Water-Related Microbial Disease145
- 11.2 Classes of Diseases and Types of Pathogens146
- 11.3 Types of Pathogenic Organisms147
- 11.4 Sources of Pathogens in the Environment163
- 11.5 Fate and Transport of Pathogens in the Environment165
- 11.6 Standards and Criteria for Indicators166
- Questions and Problems168
- References and Additional Reading168
- Chapter 12. The Role of Environmental Monitoring in Pollution Science170
- 12.1 Introduction171
- 12.2 Sampling and Monitoring Basics171
- 12.3 Statistics and Geostatistics172
- 12.4 Sampling and Monitoring Tools173
- 12.5 Soil and Vadose Zone Sampling and Monitoring176
- 12.6 Groundwater Sampling and Monitoring177
- 12.7 Surface Water Sampling and Monitoring179
- 12.8 Atmosphere Sampling and Monitoring179
- 12.9 Conclusions181
- Questions and Problems182
- References and Additional Reading182
- Chapter 13. Environmental Toxicology183
- 13.1 History of Modern Toxicity in the United States184
- 13.2 Toxic Versus Nontoxic184
- 13.3 Exposure and Dose184
- 13.4 Evaluation of Toxicity186
- 13.5 Responses to Toxic Substances193
- 13.6 Carcinogens197
- 13.7 Mutagens199
- 13.8 Teratogens200
- 13.9 Chemical Toxicity: General Considerations201
- 13.10 Chemical Toxicity: Selected Substances202
- Questions and Problems211
- References and Additional Reading211
- Chapter 14. Risk Assessment212
- 14.1 The Concept of Risk Assessment213
- 14.2 The Process of Risk Assessment215
- 14.3 Ecological Risk Assessment223
- 14.4 Microbial Risk Assessment225
- Questions and Problems231
- References and Additional Reading231
- Chapter 15. Environmental Laws and Regulations233
- 15.1 Regulatory Overview234
- 15.2 The Safe Drinking Water Act234
- 15.3 The Clean Water Act234
- 15.4 Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act237
- 15.5 Federal Insecticide and Rodenticide Act238
- 15.6 Clean Air Act238
- 15.7 Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA)239
- 15.8 The Pollution Prevention Act239
- 15.9 Other Regulatory Agencies and Accords239
- Questions and Problems240
- References and Additional Reading240
- Part 3: Land and Water Pollution Mitigation241
- Chapter 16. Soil and Land Pollution243
- 16.1 Introduction244
- 16.2 Surface Mining244
- 16.3 Deforestation245
- 16.4 Soil Acidity„Salinity246
- 16.5 Soil Erosion247
- 16.6 Agricultural Activities249
- 16.7 Animal Wastes253
- 16.8 Industrial Wastes With High Salts and Organics254
- 16.9 Invasive Species255
- Questions and Problems257
- References and Additional Reading258
- Chapter 17. Subsurface Pollution259
- 17.1 Groundwater as a Resource260
- 17.2 Groundwater Pollution261
- 17.3 Groundwater Pollution Risk Assessment265
- 17.4 Point-Source Contamination267
- 17.5 Diffuse-Source Contamination272
- 17.6 Other Groundwater Contamination Problems275
- 17.7 Sustainability of Groundwater Resources277
- Questions and Problems278
- References and Additional Reading278
- Chapter 18. Surface Water Pollution279
- 18.1 Surface Freshwater Resources280
- 18.2 Marine Water Resources280
- 18.3 Sources of Surface Water Pollution281
- 18.4 Sediments as Surface Water Contaminants282
- 18.5 Metals as Surface Water Contaminants284
- 18.6 Nutrients and Eutrophication of Surface Waters286
- 18.7 Organic Compounds in Water294
- 18.8 Enteric Pathogens as Surface Water Contaminants296
- 18.9 Total Maximum Daily Loads (TMDLs)300
- 18.10 Quantification of Surface Water Pollution300
- 18.11 Determining BOD304
- 18.12 Dilution of Effluents306
- 18.13 Dye Tracing of Plumes308
- 18.14 Spatial and Temporal Variation of Plume309
- 18.15 Compliance Monitoring310
- Questions and Problems311
- References and Additional Reading311
- Chapter 19. Soil and Groundwater Remediation312
- 19.1 Introduction313
- 19.2 Superfund Process313
- 19.3 Site Characterization314
- 19.4 Remediation Technologies318
- Questions and Problems333
- References and Additional Reading333
- Chapter 20. Ecosystem Restoration and Land Reclamation334
- 20.1 Introduction335
- 20.2 Site Characterization335
- 20.3 Site Restoration336
- 20.4 Site Monitoring336
- 20.5 Approaches to Ecosystem Restoration337
- 20.6 Land Reclamation339
- Questions and Problems348
- References and Additional Reading348
- Part 4: Atmospheric Pollution349
- Chapter 21. Sensory Pollutants, Electromagnetic Fields and Radiofrequency Radiation351
- 21.1 Introduction352
- 21.2 Heat352
- 21.3 Light354
- 21.4 Noise Pollution356
- 21.5 Odor as a Sensory Pollutant359
- 21.6 Electromagnetic Fields and Radiofrequency360
- Questions and Problems364
- References and Additional Reading364
- Chapter 22. Indoor Air Quality365
- 22.1 Fundamentals of Indoor Air Quality366
- 22.2 Sources of Indoor Air Pollutants366
- 22.3 Factors Influencing Exposure to Indoor Air371
- 22.4 Monitoring IAQ374
- Questions and Problems375
- References and Additional Reading376
- Chapter 23. Atmospheric Pollution377
- 23.1 Air Pollution Concepts378
- 23.2 Sources, Types, and Effects of Air Pollution379
- 23.3 Weather and Pollutants388
- 23.4 Pollution Trends in the United States392
- Questions and Problems393
- References and Additional Reading393
- Chapter 24. Global Change395
- 24.1 Introduction396
- 24.2 Global Warming and the Greenhouse Effect397
- 24.3 Other Global Changes403
- 24.4 Solutions to the Problems of Global Environmental Change409
- Questions and Problems411
- References and Additional Reading411
- Part 5: Waste and Water Treatment and Management413
- Chapter 25. Industrial and Municipal Solid Waste Treatment and Disposal415
- 25.1 Introduction416
- 25.2 Relevant Regulations for Industrial and Municipal Solid Wastes417
- 25.3 Major Forms of Industrial Wastes417
- 25.4 Treatment and Disposal of Industrial Wastes419
- 25.5 Reuse of Industrial Wastes423
- 25.6 Treatment and Disposal of Municipal Solid Waste424
- 25.7 Pollution Prevention426
- Questions and Problems427
- References and Additional Reading428
- Chapter 26. Municipal Wastewater Treatment429
- 26.1 The Nature of Wastewater (Sewage)430
- 26.2 Modern Wastewater Treatment432
- 26.3 Oxidation Ponds439
- 26.4 Septic Tanks441
- 26.5 Land Application of Wastewater443
- 26.6 Wetlands and Aquaculture Systems445
- 26.7 Sludge Processing446
- Questions and Problems449
- References and Additional Reading450
- Chapter 27. Land Application of Biosolids and Animal Wastes451
- 27.1 Biosolids and Animal Wastes: A Historical Perspective and Current Outlook452
- 27.2 The Nature of Wastewater (Sewage)452
- 27.3 Wastewater (Sewage) Treatment453
- 27.4 Methods of Land Application of Biosolids453
- 27.5 Benefits of Land Application of Biosolids456
- 27.6 Hazards of Land Application of Biosolids457
- 27.7 Sources of Animal Wastes464
- 27.8 Nonpoint Versus Point Source Pollution465
- 27.9 Benefits of Land Application of Animal Wastes465
- 27.10 Hazards of Land Application of Animal Wastes466
- 27.11 Public Perceptions of Land Application466
- Questions and Problems467
- References and Additional Reading467
- Chapter 28. Drinking Water Treatment and Water Security468
- 28.1 Water Treatment Processes469
- 28.2 Disinfection471
- 28.3 Factors Affecting Disinfectants472
- 28.4 Halogens477
- 28.5 Disinfection By-Products478
- 28.6 Residential Water Treatment478
- 28.7 Water Security482
- 28.8 Monitoring Community Water Quality485
- Questions and Problems485
- References and Additional Reading486
- Part 6: Emerging Issues in Pollution Science487
- Chapter 29. Genetically Engineered Crops and Microbes489
- 29.1 Introduction to Nucleic Acids490
- 29.2 Recombinant DNA Technology490
- 29.3 Transfer of Nucleic Acid Sequences from One Organism to Another (Cloning)490
- 29.4 Chemical Synthesis, Sequencing and Amplification of DNA492
- 29.5 Heterologous Gene Expression in Pro- and Eukaryotes493
- 29.6 Genetically Engineered Plants for Agriculture494
- 29.7 Genetically Engineered Plants for Remediation495
- 29.8 Microbial-Assisted Remediation496
- 29.9 Potential Problems Due to Genetically Modified Organisms497
- 29.10 Summary498
- Questions and Problems498
- References and Additional Reading498
- Chapter 30. Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria and Gene Transfer499
- 30.1 Why Are Antibiotics An Issue?500
- 30.2 Classification and Function of Antibiotics500
- 30.3 Development of Bacterial Antibiotic Resistance501
- 30.4 Transfer of Genetic Material by Horizontal Gene Transfer501
- 30.5 Prevalent Environments Favoring HGT501
- 30.6 Isolation and Detection of Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria502
- 30.7 Incidence of Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria in Various Environments502
- 30.8 Gene Transfer Between Bacteria„How Prelevant Is It?504
- 30.9 Summary and Conclusions505
- Questions and Problems505
- References and Additional Reading505
- Chapter 31. Pharmaceuticals and Endocrine Disruptors506
- 31.1 Endocrine Disruptors and Hormones507
- 31.2 Significance of EDCs in Water507
- 31.3 Incidence of EDCs in Water508
- 31.4 Fate and Transport of Estrogenic Compounds in Municipal Wastewater511
- 31.5 Methods for Measuring Estrogenic Activity in Water512
- 31.6 What are the Risk of EDCs?514
- Questions and Problems515
- References and Additional Reading515
- Chapter 32. Epilogue: Is the Future of Pollution History?516
- 32.1 The Role of Government in Controlling Pollution517
- 32.2 Research Priorities Necessary to Protect Human Health517
- 32.3 Pollution Prevention of Earth, Air, and Water517
- 32.4 Is the Future of Pollution History?518
- References and Additional Reading520
- Index521
This unique book integrates a large number of subjects in environmental studies and provides a realistic and objective evaluation of pollution as a price we pay for a modern economy. It focuses on the scientific assessment of environmental quality by developing a framework of principles that can be applied to any environmental problem. It addresses tactical issues for managers and government workers such as remediation, environmental monitoring, risk assessment, and management. It can be used by professionals as well as undergraduate students.
* Emphasizes conceptual understanding of environmental impact, integrating the disciplines of biology, chemistry, and mathematics
* Topics cover the fate and transport of contaminants; monitoring and remediation of pollution; sources and characteristics of pollution; and risk assessment and management
* Includes color photos and diagrams, chapter questions and problems, and highlighted key words
* Emphasizes conceptual understanding of environmental impact, integrating the disciplines of biology, chemistry, and mathematics
* Topics cover the fate and transport of contaminants; monitoring and remediation of pollution; sources and characteristics of pollution; and risk assessment and management
* Includes color photos and diagrams, chapter questions and problems, and highlighted key words