Environmental Forensics: Contaminant Specific Guide
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Table of contents
- Environmental Forensics: Contaminant Specific GuideCover
- Cover
- Cover
- Contentsv
- Contentsv
- Forewordxvii
- Forewordxvii
- Contributorsxix
- Contributorsxix
- Chapter 1. Mercury1
- Chapter 1. Mercury1
- 1.1 Introduction2
- 1.1 Introduction2
- 1.2 Naturally Occurring Sources of Elemental Mercury4
- 1.2 Naturally Occurring Sources of Elemental Mercury4
- 1.3 Sources of Mercuric Mercury and Methylmercury5
- 1.3 Sources of Mercuric Mercury and Methylmercury5
- 1.4 Anthropogenic Sources6
- 1.4 Anthropogenic Sources6
- 1.5 Detecting Mercury in Indoor Air10
- 1.5 Detecting Mercury in Indoor Air10
- 1.6 Mercury Forensics11
- 1.6 Mercury Forensics11
- References12
- References12
- Chapter 2. Asbestos19
- Chapter 2. Asbestos19
- 2.1 Introduction20
- 2.1 Introduction20
- 2.2 Mineralogy and Sources20
- 2.2 Mineralogy and Sources20
- 2.3 Analytical Methods24
- 2.3 Analytical Methods24
- 2.4 Summary30
- 2.4 Summary30
- References31
- References31
- Chapter 3. Sewage35
- Chapter 3. Sewage35
- 3.1 Introduction36
- 3.1 Introduction36
- 3.2 Treatment Processes37
- 3.2 Treatment Processes37
- 3.3 Sludge Treatment and Disposal38
- 3.3 Sludge Treatment and Disposal38
- 3.4 Discharges38
- 3.4 Discharges38
- 3.5 Tracers39
- 3.5 Tracers39
- 3.6 Quality Control Issues43
- 3.6 Quality Control Issues43
- 3.7 Dry Weight Determination43
- 3.7 Dry Weight Determination43
- 3.8 Bile Acids43
- 3.8 Bile Acids43
- 3.9 Fatty Acids43
- 3.9 Fatty Acids43
- 3.10 Caffeine and Triclosan45
- 3.10 Caffeine and Triclosan45
- 3.11 LAS and other Surfactants47
- 3.11 LAS and other Surfactants47
- 3.12 Biological Organisms47
- 3.12 Biological Organisms47
- 3.13 Other Bacterial Methods50
- 3.13 Other Bacterial Methods50
- 3.14 Biological Macrofaunal Communities50
- 3.14 Biological Macrofaunal Communities50
- 3.15 Transformations in the Environment50
- 3.15 Transformations in the Environment50
- 3.16 Summary51
- 3.16 Summary51
- References51
- References51
- Chapter 4. Lead55
- Chapter 4. Lead55
- 4.1 Introduction56
- 4.1 Introduction56
- 4.2 Geochemistry56
- 4.2 Geochemistry56
- 4.3 Principle Occurance of Lead57
- 4.3 Principle Occurance of Lead57
- 4.4 Usage of Lead58
- 4.4 Usage of Lead58
- 4.5 Lead Grades and Alloys of Lead59
- 4.5 Lead Grades and Alloys of Lead59
- 4.6 Compounds of Lead59
- 4.6 Compounds of Lead59
- 4.7 Lead in the Environment and Lead Poisoning60
- 4.7 Lead in the Environment and Lead Poisoning60
- 4.8 Environmental Transport, Distribution, and Transformation61
- 4.8 Environmental Transport, Distribution, and Transformation61
- 4.9 Regulations and Guidelines61
- 4.9 Regulations and Guidelines61
- 4.10 Analytical Methods: Elemental vs Isotope Ratio61
- 4.10 Analytical Methods: Elemental vs Isotope Ratio61
- 4.11 Lead Forensics70
- 4.11 Lead Forensics70
- References74
- References74
- Chapter 5. Chromium81
- Chapter 5. Chromium81
- 5.1 Introduction82
- 5.1 Introduction82
- 5.2 Principal Occurrence of Chromium82
- 5.2 Principal Occurrence of Chromium82
- 5.3 History of Usage83
- 5.3 History of Usage83
- 5.4 Geochemistry84
- 5.4 Geochemistry84
- 5.5 Regulatory Standards and Health Effects86
- 5.5 Regulatory Standards and Health Effects86
- 5.6 Analytical Techniques89
- 5.6 Analytical Techniques89
- 5.7 Natural Chromium in the Environment91
- 5.7 Natural Chromium in the Environment91
- 5.8 Anthropogenic Chromium in the Environment91
- 5.8 Anthropogenic Chromium in the Environment91
- 5.9 Isotope Applications for Chromium Investigations92
- 5.9 Isotope Applications for Chromium Investigations92
- References93
- References93
- Chapter 6. Methane97
- Chapter 6. Methane97
- 6.1 Introduction98
- 6.1 Introduction98
- 6.2 Methane in the Environment98
- 6.2 Methane in the Environment98
- 6.3 Collection of Soil Gas Samples99
- 6.3 Collection of Soil Gas Samples99
- 6.4 Types of Forensic Data99
- 6.4 Types of Forensic Data99
- 6.5 Case Studies103
- 6.5 Case Studies103
- 6.6 Summary108
- 6.6 Summary108
- 6.7 Acknowledgements108
- 6.7 Acknowledgements108
- References108
- References108
- Chapter 7. Radioactive compounds111
- Chapter 7. Radioactive compounds111
- 7.1 Introduction112
- 7.1 Introduction112
- 7.2 Basic Concepts and Terminology112
- 7.2 Basic Concepts and Terminology112
- 7.3 Analytical Techniques113
- 7.3 Analytical Techniques113
- 7.4 Chemistry and Sources118
- 7.4 Chemistry and Sources118
- 7.5 Homeland Security135
- 7.5 Homeland Security135
- 7.6 Signature Compounds135
- 7.6 Signature Compounds135
- 7.7 Other Forensic Applications136
- 7.7 Other Forensic Applications136
- 7.8 Summary136
- 7.8 Summary136
- 7.9 Acknowledgements137
- 7.9 Acknowledgements137
- References137
- References137
- Chapter 8. Pesticides143
- Chapter 8. Pesticides143
- 8.1 Introduction144
- 8.1 Introduction144
- 8.2 Types of Pesticides144
- 8.2 Types of Pesticides144
- 8.3 Physical and Chemical Properties147
- 8.3 Physical and Chemical Properties147
- 8.4 Analytical Testing150
- 8.4 Analytical Testing150
- 8.5 Forensic Techniques153
- 8.5 Forensic Techniques153
- 8.6 Case Studies159
- 8.6 Case Studies159
- References163
- References163
- Chapter 9. Perchlorate167
- Chapter 9. Perchlorate167
- 9.1 Introduction168
- 9.1 Introduction168
- 9.2 Perchlorate Chemistry168
- 9.2 Perchlorate Chemistry168
- 9.3 Sources of Perchlorate168
- 9.3 Sources of Perchlorate168
- 9.4 Analytical Techniques176
- 9.4 Analytical Techniques176
- 9.5 Forensic Techniques177
- 9.5 Forensic Techniques177
- 9.6 Conclusions180
- 9.6 Conclusions180
- References180
- References180
- Chapter 10. Polichlorinated Biphenyls187
- Chapter 10. Polichlorinated Biphenyls187
- 10.1 Introduction188
- 10.1 Introduction188
- 10.2 Analytical Chemistry Methods195
- 10.2 Analytical Chemistry Methods195
- 10.3 PCB Alteration Mechanisms202
- 10.3 PCB Alteration Mechanisms202
- 10.4 Data Analysis206
- 10.4 Data Analysis206
- 10.5 Case-Study. Akwesasne, New York211
- 10.5 Case-Study. Akwesasne, New York211
- 10.6 Acknowledgements213
- 10.6 Acknowledgements213
- References214
- References214
- Chapter 11. Microbial forensics227
- Chapter 11. Microbial forensics227
- 11.1 Introduction228
- 11.1 Introduction228
- 11.2 Soil and Microbial Forensics228
- 11.2 Soil and Microbial Forensics228
- 11.3 Traditional and Emerging Microbial Analysis228
- 11.3 Traditional and Emerging Microbial Analysis228
- 11.4 Emerging Microbial Forensic Techniques233
- 11.4 Emerging Microbial Forensic Techniques233
- 11.5 Isotopic Testing and Correlation to Contaminant Source250
- 11.5 Isotopic Testing and Correlation to Contaminant Source250
- 11.6 Conclusions250
- 11.6 Conclusions250
- 11.7 Acknowledgements250
- 11.7 Acknowledgements250
- References251
- References251
- Chapter 12. Chlorinated solvents259
- Chapter 12. Chlorinated solvents259
- 12.1 Introduction260
- 12.1 Introduction260
- 12.2 Chlorinated Solvent Chemistry260
- 12.2 Chlorinated Solvent Chemistry260
- 12.3 Degradation Reactions and Pathways261
- 12.3 Degradation Reactions and Pathways261
- 12.4 Analytical Methods262
- 12.4 Analytical Methods262
- 12.5 Historical Sources and Composition of Chlorinated Solvents262
- 12.5 Historical Sources and Composition of Chlorinated Solvents262
- 12.6 Forensic Techniques267
- 12.6 Forensic Techniques267
- References273
- References273
- Chapter 13. Arsenic279
- Chapter 13. Arsenic279
- 13.1 Introduction280
- 13.1 Introduction280
- 13.2 Chemistry and Sources280
- 13.2 Chemistry and Sources280
- 13.3 Analytical Techniques283
- 13.3 Analytical Techniques283
- 13.4 Forensics Techniques287
- 13.4 Forensics Techniques287
- References290
- References290
- Chapter 14. Dioxins and furans293
- Chapter 14. Dioxins and furans293
- 14.1 Physical and Chemical Properties294
- 14.1 Physical and Chemical Properties294
- 14.2 Analytical Methods294
- 14.2 Analytical Methods294
- 14.3 Natural and Anthropogenic Sources297
- 14.3 Natural and Anthropogenic Sources297
- 14.4 Forensic Techniques301
- 14.4 Forensic Techniques301
- 14.5 Summary309
- 14.5 Summary309
- References310
- References310
- Chapter 15. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHS)313
- Chapter 15. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHS)313
- 15.1 Introduction314
- 15.1 Introduction314
- 15.2 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Sources315
- 15.2 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Sources315
- 15.3 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Source Assemblages319
- 15.3 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Source Assemblages319
- 15.4 Analytical Strategies320
- 15.4 Analytical Strategies320
- 15.5 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Environmental Forensics323
- 15.5 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Environmental Forensics323
- 15.6 Allocating Sources of PAH332
- 15.6 Allocating Sources of PAH332
- References334
- References334
- Chapter 16. Crude oil and refined product fingerprinting. Principles339
- Chapter 16. Crude oil and refined product fingerprinting. Principles339
- 16.1 Introduction340
- 16.1 Introduction340
- 16.2 Oil Chemistry341
- 16.2 Oil Chemistry341
- 16.3 Chemistry of Biomarker Compounds345
- 16.3 Chemistry of Biomarker Compounds345
- 16.4 Biomarker Analysis357
- 16.4 Biomarker Analysis357
- 16.5 Identification of Biomarkers365
- 16.5 Identification of Biomarkers365
- 16.6 Biomarker Distributions372
- 16.6 Biomarker Distributions372
- 16.7 Conclusions401
- 16.7 Conclusions401
- 16.8 Acknowledgements404
- 16.8 Acknowledgements404
- References404
- References404
- Chapter 17. Crude oil and refined product fingerprinting. Applications409
- Chapter 17. Crude oil and refined product fingerprinting. Applications409
- 17.1 Introduction410
- 17.1 Introduction410
- 17.2 Biomarker Distribution, Diagnostic Ratios, and Cross-Plots of Biomarkers410
- 17.2 Biomarker Distribution, Diagnostic Ratios, and Cross-Plots of Biomarkers410
- 17.3 Unique Biomarker Compounds416
- 17.3 Unique Biomarker Compounds416
- 17.4 Weathering Effects on Oil and Biomarker Distribution418
- 17.4 Weathering Effects on Oil and Biomarker Distribution418
- 17.5 Application of Biomarkers for Spill Source Identification, Oil Correlation, and Differentiation434
- 17.5 Application of Biomarkers for Spill Source Identification, Oil Correlation, and Differentiation434
- 17.6 A Guide to Multivariate Statistical Analysis for Biomarker Fingerprinting441
- 17.6 A Guide to Multivariate Statistical Analysis for Biomarker Fingerprinting441
- 17.7 Application of Multivariate Statistical Methods for Biomarker Fingerprinting455
- 17.7 Application of Multivariate Statistical Methods for Biomarker Fingerprinting455
- 17.8 Conclusions461
- 17.8 Conclusions461
- References461
- References461
- Chapter 18. Automotive gasoline465
- Chapter 18. Automotive gasoline465
- 18.1 Introduction466
- 18.1 Introduction466
- 18.2 History of Gasoline466
- 18.2 History of Gasoline466
- 18.3 Gasoline Refining & Blending473
- 18.3 Gasoline Refining & Blending473
- 18.4 Gasoline Additives482
- 18.4 Gasoline Additives482
- 18.5 Gasoline Fingerprinting Methods488
- 18.5 Gasoline Fingerprinting Methods488
- 18.6 Gasoline Weathering493
- 18.6 Gasoline Weathering493
- 18.7 Age-Dating Gasoline-Derived Contamination504
- 18.7 Age-Dating Gasoline-Derived Contamination504
- 18.8 Specific Forensic Considerations512
- 18.8 Specific Forensic Considerations512
- 18.9 Conclusion527
- 18.9 Conclusion527
- References527
- References527
- Index533
- Index533
- Color Plate SectionColor Plet
- Color Plate SectionColor Plet
Environmental forensics is the application of scientific techniques for the purpose of identifying the source and age of a contaminant. Over the past several years, this study has been expanding as a course of study in academia, government and commercial markets. The US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), and Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) are among the governmental agencies that utilize the study of environmental forensics to ensure national security and to ensure that companies are complying with standards. Even the International Network for Environmental Compliance and Enforcement (INECE), a group supported by the European Commission and the World Bank, utilizes the study of environmental forensics as it applies to terror threats.
This title is a hands-on guide for environmental scientists, engineers, consultants and industrial scientists to identify the origin and age of a contaminant in the environment and the issues involved in the process. An expansion of the authors’ first title with Academic Press, Introduction to Environmental Forensics, this is a state-of-the-art reference for those exploring the scientific techniques available.
* Up-to-date compendium for referencing forensic techniques unique to particular contaminants.
* International scientific unit system
* Contributors from around the world providing international examples and case studies.
This title is a hands-on guide for environmental scientists, engineers, consultants and industrial scientists to identify the origin and age of a contaminant in the environment and the issues involved in the process. An expansion of the authors’ first title with Academic Press, Introduction to Environmental Forensics, this is a state-of-the-art reference for those exploring the scientific techniques available.
* Up-to-date compendium for referencing forensic techniques unique to particular contaminants.
* International scientific unit system
* Contributors from around the world providing international examples and case studies.