Environmental Monitoring and Characterization
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Table of contents
- Cover
- Copyright Pageiv
- Contentsv
- Prefaceix
- Contributorsxi
- Reviewersxiii
- Chapter 1. Monitoring and Characterization of the Environment1
- The Environment1
- Environmental Monitoring2
- Environmental Remediation and Restoration3
- Scales of Observation3
- Agencies5
- Current and Future Status of Environmental Monitoring7
- Purpose of this Textbook9
- References and Additional Reading9
- Chapter 2. Sampling and Data Quality Objectives in Environmental Monitoring11
- Environmental Characteristics12
- Representative Units13
- Sampling Locations14
- Types of Environmental Sampling16
- Sampling Plan17
- Analytical Data Quality Requirements18
- Quality Control Checks23
- Reporting Data24
- Units of Measure24
- Questions26
- References and Additional Readings27
- Chapter 3. Statistics and Geostatistics in Environmental Monitoring29
- Samples and Population30
- Random Variables31
- Frequency Distribution and the Probability Density Function31
- Sample Size and Confidence Intervals35
- Covariance and Correlation39
- Linear Regression39
- Interpolation and Spatial Distributions41
- Questions and Problems46
- References and Additional Reading47
- Chapter 4. Automated Data Acquisition and Processing49
- Measurement Concepts49
- Automated Measurement50
- Sensors and Transducers50
- The Data Acquisition System55
- Types of Data Acquisition Systems57
- Data Management and Quality Control59
- Questions67
- References and Additional Reading67
- Chapter 5. Maps in Environmental Monitoring69
- Principles of Mapping69
- Locational and Land-Partitioning Systems72
- Topographic Maps74
- Soil Survey Maps81
- Global Positioning System83
- Questions84
- References and Additional Reading84
- Chapter 6. Geographic Information Systems and Their Use for Environmental Monitoring85
- Description of Geographic Information Systems86
- Geographic Information Systems Data88
- Thematic Data91
- Models of Real-World Problems with Geographic Information Systems93
- Geographic Information System Online Tools and Visualization96
- The Future: Geographic Information Systems as a Community Resource99
- Questions99
- References and Additional Reading100
- Chapter 7. Soil and Vadose Zone Sampling101
- Soil Sampling Strategies103
- Classic Soil Sampling103
- Soil Sampling in Agriculture104
- Vadose Zone Sampling for Pollution Characterization105
- Soil Samplers105
- Soil-Pore Water Sampling113
- Quality Control118
- Questions118
- References and Additional Reading119
- Chapter 8. Groundwater Sampling121
- Groundwater Sampling Objectives121
- Location of Monitor Wells122
- Well Construction124
- Design and Execution of Groundwater Sampling Programs132
- Questions138
- References and Additional Reading139
- Chapter 9. Monitoring Surface Waters141
- The Changing States of Water142
- Water Quality Parameters143
- Sampling the Water Environment148
- Sampling Techniques for Surface Waters151
- Water Sampling Equipment155
- Miscellaneous Field Methods156
- Quality Control in Field Measurements and Sampling157
- Questions160
- References and Additional Reading161
- Chapter 10. Monitoring Near-Surface Air Quality163
- Structure and Composition of the Atmosphere164
- Sources and Impacts of Air Pollution165
- History of Air Pollution Control171
- Air Quality and Emissions Standards171
- Sampling and Monitoring Considerations173
- Air Sampling175
- Direct Air Measurements179
- Questions180
- References and Additional Reading181
- Chapter 11. Remote Sensing for Environmental Monitoring183
- Physical Principles of Remote Sensing184
- Optical Properties of Earth Surface Materials185
- Remote Sensing at the Landscape Scale188
- Applications of Remote Sensing in Environmental Health and Toxicology202
- Questions205
- References and Additional Reading206
- Chapter 12. Environmental Physical Properties and Processes207
- Measuring Basic Soil Properties207
- Soil-Water Content211
- Measuring Hydraulic Conductivity219
- Measuring Hydraulic Heads226
- Measuring Flow Directions, Gradients, and Velocities230
- Questions237
- References and Additional Reading238
- Chapter 13. Chemical Properties and Processes241
- Soil Chemical Constituents242
- Soil Chemical Processes248
- Factors Controlling Soil Chemical Processes250
- Rates of Chemical Processes in the Soil Environment254
- Soil-Water Redox Potential and pH254
- Questions260
- References and Additional Reading260
- Chapter 14. Environmental Microbial Properties and Processes263
- Benefit of Environmental Microbes263
- What Are Microorganisms?264
- Microorganisms in Soil267
- Aquatic Environments269
- Sampling Procedures for Microbial Characterization269
- Sampling Methods for Surface Soils269
- Strategies and Methods for Water Sampling270
- Strategies and Methods for Air Sampling271
- Methods for Characterizing Microorganisms and Microbial Properties in Water and Soil273
- Application of Microorganisms for Toxicity Testing276
- Important Microbial Processes277
- State-of-the-Art Approaches for Monitoring Microbial Activities279
- Questions279
- References and Additional Reading280
- Chapter 15. Physical Contiaminants281
- Naturally Occurring Particulates281
- Human-Made Particulates288
- Mechanisms and Control of Particulate Pollution289
- Questions296
- References and Additional Reading296
- Chapter 16. Chemical Contaminants299
- Types of Contaminants299
- Sources of Contaminants300
- Contaminant Transport and Fate308
- Questions312
- References and Additional Reading312
- Chapter 17. Microbial Contaminants313
- Environmentally Transmitted Pathogens313
- Concept of Indicator Organisms314
- Sample Processing and Storage323
- Processing Environmental Samples for Viruses323
- Processing Environmental Samples for Protozoan Parasites329
- Field Analysis330
- Questions332
- References and Additional Reading332
- Chapter 18. Soil and Groundwater Remediation335
- Superfund Process336
- Site Characterization337
- Remediation Technologies341
- Monitored Natural Attenuation352
- Questions356
- References and Additional Reading356
- Chapter 19. Ecological Restoration357
- Site Characterization358
- Site Restoration362
- Site Monitoring363
- Approaches to Ecosystem Restoration365
- Questions375
- References and Additional Reading375
- Chapter 20. Risk Assessment and Environmental Regulations377
- Risk Assessment377
- Process of Risk Assessment379
- Microbial Risk Assessment383
- Regulatory Overview386
- Questions391
- References and Additional Reading392
- Index393
Environmental Monitoring and Characterization is an integrated, hands-on resource for monitoring all aspects of the environment. Sample collection methods and relevant physical, chemical and biological processes necessary to characterize the environment are brought together in twenty chapters which cover: sample collection methods, monitoring terrestrial, aquatic and air environments, and relevant chemical, physical and biological processes and contaminants.
This book will serve as an authoritative reference for advanced students and environmental professionals.
* Examines the integration of physical, chemical, and biological processes
* Emphasizes field methods and real-time data acquisition, made more accessible with case studies, problems, calculations, and questions
* Includes four color illustrations throughout the text
* Brings together the concepts of environmental monitoring and site characterization
This book will serve as an authoritative reference for advanced students and environmental professionals.
* Examines the integration of physical, chemical, and biological processes
* Emphasizes field methods and real-time data acquisition, made more accessible with case studies, problems, calculations, and questions
* Includes four color illustrations throughout the text
* Brings together the concepts of environmental monitoring and site characterization