Elsevier S & T

Environmental Radioactivity from Natural, Industrial & Military Sources: From Natural, Industrial and Military Sources

Eisenbud, Merrill; Gesell, Thomas F.

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Table of contents
  • Contentsv
  • Preface to the Fourth Editionxi
  • Preface to the Third Editionxv
  • Preface to the Second Editionxix
  • Preface to the First Editionxxi
  • Acronymsxxiii
  • Chapter 1. Introduction1
  • The Early History of Radioactivity2
  • The Nuclear Energy Industry5
  • Early Studies of Radioactive Contamination of the Environment7
  • Chapter 2. The Biological Basis of Radiation Protection10
  • Early Knowledge of Radiation Effects10
  • Summary of Present Knowledge of Radiation Effects on Humans13
  • Chapter 3. Radiation Protection Standards39
  • Evolution of Radiation Dose Standards40
  • Changes in Concepts of Standards Setting55
  • Organizations Involved in Establishing and Implementing Radiation Protection Standards58
  • Chapter 4. Atmospheric Pathways63
  • Properties of the Atmosphere63
  • Deposition and Resuspension82
  • Tropospheric and Stratospheric Behavior85
  • Chapter 5. Terrestrial and Aquatic Pathways88
  • The Food Chain from Soil to Humans89
  • Transport in Groundwater Systems113
  • Transport in Surface Water Systems115
  • Chapter 6. Natural Radioactivity134
  • Naturally Occurring Radioactive Substances135
  • Natural Radioactivity in Phosphate Fertilizers172
  • Natural Radioactivity in Building Materials174
  • Natural Radioactivity in Fossil Fuels175
  • Induced Radionuclides180
  • Natural Sources of External Ionizing Radiation182
  • Technological Developments That Increase Human Exposure190
  • Areas Having Unusually High Natural Radioactivity191
  • Summary of Human Exposures to Natural Ionizing Radiation200
  • Chapter 7. Production and Reprocessing of Nuclear Fuels201
  • Uranium201
  • Thorium217
  • Average Doses from the Production and Reprocessing of Nuclear Fuels218
  • Chapter 8. Power Reactors219
  • Some Physical Aspects of Reactor Design and Operation222
  • Types of Reactors229
  • Low-Level Discharges from Light-Water Reactors232
  • Reactor Accidents244
  • Chapter 9. Nuclear Weapons266
  • Physical Aspects of Nuclear Explosions271
  • Short-Term Radiological Effects of Nuclear War285
  • Some Problems of Recovery from Nuclear Attack290
  • Worldwide Fallout from Nuclear Weapons Tests291
  • Behavior of Individual Radionuclides from Fallout297
  • Lung Dose Due to Inhalation of Dust from Weapons Tests314
  • External Radiation314
  • Chapter 10. Various Other Sources of Exposure316
  • The Early History of Radium317
  • Exposure from Radioluminescent Paints318
  • Uranium and Thorium in Ceramics and Glass319
  • Depleted Uranium Projectiles320
  • Thorium in Gas Mantles321
  • Thorium in Welding Rods321
  • Use of Specific Radionuclides ("Isotopes") in Research and Industry322
  • Americium-241 in Smoke Detectors323
  • Radionuclides as Sources of Power325
  • Transportation of Radioactive Substances328
  • Summary of Doses Received from Various Sources333
  • Chapter 11. Radioactive Waste Management334
  • Low-Level Wastes336
  • High-Level Wastes345
  • Proposed Repositories in the United States366
  • The Special Problems of Gaseous or Highly Soluble Long- Lived Radionuclides373
  • Chapter 12. Experience with Radioactive Contamination Due to Accidents378
  • Fallout from the Thermonuclear Weapons Test of March 1, 1954379
  • The Accident at the Windscale Reactor Number One, October 1957387
  • The Houston Incident of March 1957393
  • The Oak Ridge Plutonium Release of November 1959395
  • The Army Stationary Low-Power Reactor (SL-1), January 1961398
  • Abortive Reentry of the SNAP 9A, April 1964399
  • Reentry of the Satellite Cosmos 954, January 1978401
  • The Accident at Three Mile Island Unit 2, March 1979402
  • The Chernobyl Accident, April 1986409
  • Other Contaminating Events That Occurred in the Former Soviet Union425
  • Accidents Involving Military Aircraft Carrying Nuclear Weapons429
  • Accidents Involving Abandoned, Lost, or Stolen Gamma-Radiation Sources433
  • Chapter 13. Methods of Environmental Surveillance438
  • Design Phase442
  • Operational Phase443
  • Environmental Surveillance under Emergency Conditions467
  • Chapter 14. Radiological Assessment and Its Application to Dose Reconstruction470
  • Radiological Assessment471
  • Dose Reconstruction475
  • Events Leading to the Need for Dose Reconstructions479
  • Summary of Dose Reconstruction Projects at U.S. Nuclear Weapons Plants483
  • Chapter 15. Remediation of Contaminated Sites494
  • Examples of U.S. Standards for Cleanup495
  • Risk Assessment, Risk Management, and the Public497
  • The Remediation Process498
  • Remediation Measures and Technology500
  • Sites Predating World War II502
  • Sites Related to the Development of Nuclear Energy and Nuclear Weapons504
  • Some Concluding Remarks521
  • Chapter 16. Radiation Exposure and Risks: Some Contemporary Social Aspects522
  • The Occupational Safety Record of the U.S. Nuclear Energy Program524
  • Sources of Exposure of the General Population527
  • The Disparity between Actual and Perceived Risk530
  • Evolution of the Modern Environmental Movement531
  • Public Perception of Technology541
  • The Positive Side of Popular Environmentalism544
  • What about the Future of Nuclear Energy?545
  • Appendix: The Properties of Certain Radionuclides547
  • References569
  • Index641
Book details
  • Vendor Elsevier S & T
  • SKU 9780122351549
  • ISBN-13 9780080505800
  • Author Eisenbud, Merrill; Gesell, Thomas F.
  • Edition 4th
  • Category Science
  • Subject Environmental Science

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Environmental Radioactivity from Natural, Industrial, and Military Sources is the comprehensive source of information on radiation in the environment and human exposure to radioactivity. This Fourth Edition isa complete revision and extension of the classic work, reflecting major new developments and concerns as the Cold War ended, nuclear weapons began to be dismantled, and cleanup of the nuclear weapons facilities assumed center stage. Contamination from accidents involving weapons, reactors, and radionuclide sources are discussed in an updated chapter, including the latest information about the effects of the Chernobyl accident. Important revisions are also made to the chapters on natural radioactivity, nuclear fuels and power reactors, radioactive waste management, and various other sources of exposure. Several chapters provide primers for readers who may not be familiar with the fundamentals of radiation biology, protection standards, and pathways for the environmental transport of radionuclides. An Appendix lists the properties of the more important radionuclides found in the environment. The book concludes with a commentary on contemporary social aspects of radiation exposure and risks that offers analternative view to current, often excessive concerns over radiation, nuclear technology, and waste.

Key Features
* Describes every important source of environmental radioactivity
* Reviews the vexing problems of radioactive waste management and cleanup of contaminated sites
* Contains measured or projected radiation dose estimates for the major sources
* Features 126 figures, 80 tables, and more than 1200 references
* Discusses current problems in historical context
* The two authors bring more than 75 years of combined experience with environmental radioactivity
* Provides an understanding of the sources of environmental radioactivity and human exposure from the mining of ores to final disposal of wastes
* Thoroughly reviews important contamination accidents