Environmental Soil Chemistry
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Table of contents
- Cover
- Table of Contentsvii
- Prefacexiii
- Chapter 1. Environmental Soil Chemistry: An Overview1
- Evolution of Soil Chemistry2
- The Modern Environmental Movement3
- Contaminants in Water and Soils4
- Case Study of Pollution of Soils and Waters19
- Soil Decontamination23
- Molecular Environmental Soil Chemistry28
- Suggested Reading41
- Chapter 2. Inorganic Soil Components43
- Introduction43
- Pauling’s Rules44
- Primary Soil Minerals50
- Secondary Soil Minerals51
- Specific Surface of Soil Minerals62
- Surface Charge of Soil Minerals64
- Identification of Minerals by X-Ray Diffraction Analyses68
- Use of Clay Minerals to Retain Organic Contaminants71
- Suggested Reading72
- Chapter 3. Chemistry of Soil Organic Matter75
- Introduction75
- Effect of Soil Formation Factors on SOM Contents77
- Carbon Cycling and Sequestration79
- Composition of SOM82
- Fractionation of SOM88
- Molecular and Macromolecular Structure of SOM91
- Functional Groups and Charge Characteristics98
- Humic Substance–Metal Interactions101
- SOM–Clay Complexes109
- Retention of Pesticides and Other Organic Substances by Humic Substances111
- Suggested Reading112
- Chapter 4. Soil Solution–Solid Phase Equilibria115
- Introduction115
- Measurement of the Soil Solution116
- Speciation of the Soil Solution118
- Ion Activity and Activity Coefficients124
- Dissolution and Solubility Processes127
- Suggested Reading132
- Chapter 5. Sorption Phenomena on Soils133
- Introduction and Terminology133
- Surface Functional Groups141
- Surface Complexes142
- Adsorption Isotherms147
- Equilibrium-based Adsorption Models150
- Sorption of Metal Cations172
- Sorption of Anions174
- Surface Precipitation177
- Speciation of Metal-Contaminated Soils181
- Points of Zero Charge183
- Suggested Reading185
- Chapter 6. Ion Exchange Processes187
- Introduction187
- Characteristics of Ion Exchange188
- Cation Exchange Equilibrium Constants and Selectivity Coefficients190
- Thermodynamics of Ion Exchange192
- Relationship Between Thermodynamics and Kinetics of Ion Exchange203
- Suggested Reading204
- Chapter 7. Kinetics of Soil Chemical Processes207
- Rate-Limiting Steps and Time Scales of Soil Chemical Reactions207
- Rate Laws210
- Determination of Reaction Order and Rate Constants211
- Kinetic Models214
- Multiple Site Models218
- Kinetic Methodologies222
- Effect of Temperature on Reaction Rates227
- Kinetics of Important Soil Chemical Processes228
- Suggested Reading244
- Chapter 8. Redox Chemistry of Soils245
- Oxidation–Reduction Reactions and Potentials245
- Eh vs pH and pe vs pH Diagrams249
- Measurement and Use of Redox Potentials253
- Submerged Soils254
- Redox Reactions Involving Inorganic and Organic Pollutants255
- Suggested Reading264
- Chapter 9. The Chemistry of Soil Acidity267
- Introduction267
- Historical Perspective of Soil Acidity270
- Solution Chemistry of Aluminum271
- Exchangeable and Nonexchangeable Aluminum274
- Soil Acidity277
- Liming Soils281
- Suggested Reading282
- Chapter 10. The Chemistry of Saline and Sodic Soils285
- Introduction285
- Causes of Soil Salinity287
- Sources of Soluble Salts288
- Important Salinity and Sodicity Parameters288
- Classification and Reclamation of Saline and Sodic Soils294
- Effects of Soil Salinity and Sodicity on Soil Structural Properties295
- Effects of Soil Salinity on Plant Growth296
- Effects of Sodicity and Salinity on Environmental Quality298
- Suggested Reading299
- Appendix A: Periodic Table of the Elements301
- References303
- Index345
Environmental Soil Chemistry illustrates fundamental principles of soil chemistry with respect to environmental reactions between soils and other natural materials and heavy metals, pesticides, industrial contaminants, acid rain, and salts. Timely and comprehensive discussions of applications to real-world environmental concerns are a central focus of this established text.
<*> Provides students with both sound contemporary training in the basics of soil chemistry and applications to real-world environmental concerns
<*> Timely and comprehensive discussion of important concepts including: sorption/desorption, oxidation-reduction of metals and organics, and effects of acidic deposition and salinity on contaminant reacions
<*> Boxed sections focus on sample problems and explanations of key terms and parameters
<*> Extensive tables on elemental composition of soils, rocks and sediments, pesticide classes, inorganic minerals, and methods of decontaminating soils
<*> Clearly written for all students and professionals in environmental science and environmental engineering as well as soil science
<*> Provides students with both sound contemporary training in the basics of soil chemistry and applications to real-world environmental concerns
<*> Timely and comprehensive discussion of important concepts including: sorption/desorption, oxidation-reduction of metals and organics, and effects of acidic deposition and salinity on contaminant reacions
<*> Boxed sections focus on sample problems and explanations of key terms and parameters
<*> Extensive tables on elemental composition of soils, rocks and sediments, pesticide classes, inorganic minerals, and methods of decontaminating soils
<*> Clearly written for all students and professionals in environmental science and environmental engineering as well as soil science