Environmental Soil Physics: Fundamentals, Applications, and Environmental Considerations
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Table of contents
- Cover
- CONTENTSvii
- FOREWORDxix
- ACKNOWLEDGMENTSxxvii
- Part I: BASIC RELATIONSHIPS1
- CHAPTER 1. GENERAL PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF SOILS3
- Introduction3
- Weathering and Soil Formation4
- The Soil Profile4
- Soil as a Three-Phase System8
- Volume and Mass Relationships of Soil Constituents10
- Sample Problems15
- CHAPTER 2. PROPERTIES OF WATER IN RELATION TO POROUS MEDIA19
- Introduction19
- An Anomalous Fluid21
- Molecular Structure22
- Hydrogen Bonding23
- States of Water25
- Ionization and pH27
- Solvent Properties of Water28
- Osmotic Pressure31
- Solubility of Gases33
- Adsorption of Water on Solid Surfaces34
- Vapor Pressure36
- Surface Tension38
- Curved Water Surfaces and Hydrostatic Pressure40
- Contact Angle of Water on Solid Surfaces42
- The Phenomenon of Capillarity44
- Density and Compressibility48
- Dynamic and Kinematic Viscosity48
- Sample Problems50
- Part II: THE SOLID PHASE57
- CHAPTER 3. PARTICLE SIZES AND SPECIFIC SURFACE59
- Introduction59
- Textural Fractions60
- Textural Classes63
- Particle Size Distribution64
- Mechanical Analysis66
- Definition of Specific Surface69
- Measuring Specific Surface by Adsorption70
- Estimating Specific Surface by Calculation71
- Sample Problems72
- CHAPTER 4. NATURE AND BEHAVIOR OF CLAY75
- Introduction75
- Structure of Clay Minerals76
- The Principal Clay Minerals78
- The Electrostatic Double Layer81
- Ion Exchange85
- Hydration and Swelling89
- Flocculation and Dispersion93
- Humus: The Organic Constituent of Soil Colloids97
- Sample Problems98
- CHAPTER 5. SOIL STRUCTURE AND AGGREGATION101
- Introduction101
- Types of Soil Structure102
- Structure of Granular Soils102
- Structure of Aggregated Soils106
- Additional Factors Affecting Aggregation110
- Characterization of Soil Structure111
- Aggregate Size Distribution114
- Aggregate Stability115
- Classification of Soil Pores118
- Soil Crusting120
- Soil Conditioners121
- Hydrophobic Soil Aggregates122
- Sample Problems123
- Part Ill: THE LIQUID PHASE127
- CHAPTER 6. CONTENT AND POTENTIAL OF SOIL WATER129
- Introduction129
- Mass and Volume Ratios130
- Measurement of Soil Wetness131
- Energy State of Soil Water142
- Total Soil-Water Potential144
- Gravitational Potential147
- Pressure Potential148
- Osmotic Potential151
- Revised Terminology151
- Quantitative Expressions of Soil-Water Potential153
- Soil-Moisture Characteristic Curve155
- Hysteresis159
- Measurement of Soil-Moisture Potential161
- Sample Problems168
- CHAPTER 7. FLOW OF WATER IN SATURATED SOIL173
- Introduction173
- Darcy's Law175
- Gravitational, Pressure, and Total Hydraulic Heads179
- Flow in a Vertical Column181
- Flow in a Composite Column183
- Flux, Flow Velocity, and Tortuosity184
- Hydraulic Conductivity, Permeability, and Fluidity185
- Limitations of Darcy's Law188
- Relation of Permeability to Pore Geometry190
- Homogeneity and Isotropy192
- Measurement of Hydraulic Conductivity of Saturated Soils193
- Equations of Saturated Flow195
- Sample Problems198
- CHAPTER 8. FLOW OF WATER IN UNSATURATED SOIL203
- Introduction203
- Flow in Unsaturated Versus Saturated Soil203
- Relation of Conductivity to Suction and Wetness206
- Equations of Unsaturated Flow210
- Hydraulic Diffusivity216
- The Boltzmann Transformation219
- Calculation of the Hydraulic Conductivity Function220
- Laboratory Measurement of Conductivity and Diffusivity223
- Field Measurement of Unsaturated Hydraulic Conductivity225
- Vapor Movement232
- Sample Problems233
- CHAPTER 9. MOVEMENT OF SOLUTES AND SOIL SALINITY243
- Introduction243
- Convective Transport of Solutes244
- Diffusion of Solutes246
- Hydrodynamic Dispersion248
- Miscible Displacement and Breakthrough Curves249
- Combined Transport of Solutes251
- Effects of Solutes on Water Movement254
- Soil Salinity and Alkalinity258
- Salt Balance of the Soil Profile260
- Leaching of Excess Salts262
- Sample Problems268
- Part IV :THE GASEOUS PHASE275
- CHAPTER 10. CONTENT AND COMPOSITION OF SOIL AIR277
- Introduction277
- Volume Fraction of Soil Air278
- Composition of Soil Air280
- Soil Respiration and Aeration Requirements281
- Measurement of Soil-Air Content and Composition282
- Measurement of Soil Respiration283
- Oxidation-Reduction Processes in the Soil285
- Appearance of Poorly Aerated Soils286
- Sample Problems287
- CHAPTER 11. MOVEMENT AND EXCHANGE OF GASES IN THE SOIL291
- Introduction291
- Convective Flow of Air in the Soil292
- Diffusion of Gases in the Soil294
- Formulation of Diffusion Processes297
- Measurement of Gaseous Convection and Diffusion in Soils300
- Soil Emissions of Greenhouse Gases302
- Sample Problems304
- Part V: COMPOSITE PHENOMENA307
- CHAPTER 12. SOIL TEMPERATURE AND HEAT FLOW309
- Introduction309
- Modes of Energy Transfer310
- Energy Balance for a Bare Soil312
- Conduction of Heat in Soil313
- Volumetric Heat Capacity of Soils314
- Thermal Conductivity and diffusivity of Soils316
- Simultaneous Transport of Heat and Moisture321
- Thermal Regime of Soil Profiles323
- Modification of the Soil Thermal Regime328
- Sample Problems334
- CHAPTER 13. SOIL DYNAMICS: STRESS, STRAIN, AND STRENGTH341
- Introduction341
- Strain-Stress Relations and Failure of Soil Bodies341
- The Concept of Soil Strength and its Measurement346
- Soil Compression356
- Soil Consolidation358
- Soil Compaction in Relation to Wetness363
- Soil Compaction in the Field365
- Soil Compaction Under Machinery-Induced Pressures369
- Control of Soil Compaction376
- Sample Problems378
- Part VI: THE FIELD WATER CYCLE383
- CHAPTER 14. ENTRY OF WATER INTO SOIL385
- Introduction385
- "Infiltration Capacity" or Infiltrability386
- Profile Moisture Distribution during Infiltration389
- Empirical Infiltrability Equations391
- The Green and Ampt Approach393
- Basic Infiltration Theory395
- Infiltration into Layered Profiles403
- Infiltration into Crust-Topped Soils405
- Instability of Wetting Fronts during Infiltration410
- Other Forms of Preferential Flow415
- Rain Infiltration418
- Continuing Research on Infiltration421
- Sample Problems423
- CHAPTER 15. SURFACE RUNOFF AND WATER EROSION427
- Introduction427
- Laminar and Turbulent Flow430
- Overland Flow432
- Particle Transport by Running Water434
- Sheet, Rill, and Gully Erosion437
- Erosivity of Rainfall439
- Erodibility of Soil441
- The "Universal Soil Loss Equation"443
- Control of Soil Erosion444
- Runoff Inducement445
- Sample Problems447
- CHAPTER 16. REDISTRIBUTION OF WATER IN SOIL449
- Introduction449
- Internal Drainage in Deeply Wetted Profiles450
- Redistribution in Partially Wetted Profiles455
- Hysteretic Phenomena in Redistribution457
- Analysis of Redistribution Processes460
- The Concept of "Field Capacity"464
- Physically Based Concepts of Moisture Storage467
- Sample Problems468
- CHAPTER 17. GROUNDWATER DRAINAGE AND POLLUTION471
- Introduction471
- Flow of Confined Groundwater474
- Flow of Unconfined Groundwater479
- Analysis of a Falling Water Table481
- Equations for Flow of Unconfined Groundwater484
- Flow Nets, Models, and Analogs485
- Groundwater Drainage491
- Factors Influencing Drainage492
- Drainage Design Equations494
- Groundwater Pollution498
- Sample Problems502
- CHAPTER 18. EVAPORATION FROM BARE SOIL AND WIND EROSION507
- Introduction507
- Physical Conditions508
- Capillary Rise from a Water Table510
- Steady Evaporation from a shallow Water Table511
- Hazard of Salination Due to High Water Table516
- Evaporation in the Absence of a Water Table517
- Analysis of the First and Second Stages of Drying520
- The "Drying-Front'' Phenomenon522
- Diurnal Fluctuations of Top Layer Moisture525
- Nonisothermal Evaporation527
- Effect of Albedo Changes on Nonisothermal Evaporation529
- Evaporation from Irregular Surfaces and Shrinkage Cracks530
- Reduction of Evaporation from Bare Soils532
- Soil Erosion by Wind535
- Sample Problems539
- Part VII: SOIL-PLANT-WATER RELATIONS545
- CHAPTER 19. UPTAKE OF SOIL MOISTURE BY PLANTS547
- Introduction547
- The Soil-Plant-Atmosphere Continuum549
- Basic Aspects of Plant-Water Relations550
- Water Relations of Plant Cells and Tissues552
- Structure and Function of Roots555
- Hydraulic Properties of Roots557
- Variation of Water Potential and Flux in the Soil-Plant System560
- Root Uptake, Soil-Water Movement, and Transpiration565
- Electric Analogs of the Soil-Plant-Atmosphere Continuum568
- Approaches to Mathematical Modeling of Water Uptake by Roots573
- The Single-Root Model574
- The Root System Model578
- Effect of Root Growth on Soil-Water Uptake580
- Sample Problem585
- CHAPTER 20. WATER BALANCE AND ENERGY BALANCE IN THE FIELD589
- Introduction589
- Water Balance of the Root Zone590
- Evaluation of the Water Balance593
- Radiation Exchange in the Field595
- Total Energy Balance598
- Transport of Heat and Vapor to the Atmosphere599
- Advection602
- Potential Evapotranspiration: Penman's Equation602
- Canopy Resistance: The Penman-Monteith Equation606
- Remote Sensing of Surface Soil Moisture607
- Spatial Variation of Properties and Processes611
- Sample Problems613
- CHAPTER 21. IRRIGATION AND WATER-USE EFFICIENCY617
- Introduction617
- Classical Concepts of Soil-Water Availability to Plants620
- Traditional Principles of Irrigation Management623
- Newer Concepts of Soil-water Availability to Plants624
- Modern Principles of Irrigation Management625
- Advantages and Limitations of High-Frequency Irrigation627
- Water-Use Efficiency and Water Conservation630
- Transpiration in Relation to Production634
- Estimation of Crop Water Requirements636
- Environmental Aspects of Irrigation Development638
- Use of Wastewater for Irrigation640
- Sample Problems642
- AFTERWORD647
- Part VIII: APPENDICES653
- Appendix 1: SPATIAL VARIABILITY655
- Introduction655
- Expressing Variability656
- Sample Number Estimates661
- Scaling as an Index for Variability664
- Spatial Analysis: Correlated Observations668
- Additional Techniques for Characterizing Variability675
- Appendix 2: APPLICATIONS OF SOIL PHYSICS TO REMEDIATIO OF HAZARDOUS WASTE SITES677
- Introduction677
- An Example of the Relevance of Soil Physics to Hazardous Waste Site Investigation679
- Constitutive Relations for Multiphase Flow and Hydrostatics680
- Examples of the Relevance of Soil Physics to In Situ Remediation Technologies684
- Concluding Remarks689
- Appendix 3: REPRESENTING THE LAND SURFACE IN GLOBAL CLIMATE MODELS691
- Introduction691
- A Land-Surface Model692
- Sample Results704
- Conclusions706
- BIBLIOGRAPHY707
- INDEX757
Environmental Soil Physics is a completely updated and modified edition of the Daniel Hillels previous, successful books, Introduction to Soil Physics and Fundamentals of Soil Physics. Hillel is a Pulitzer Prize-winning author, one of the true leaders in the field of environmental sciences. The new version includes a chapter and problems on computational techniques, addresses current environmental concerns and trends.
* Updates and expands the scope of Hillel's prior works, Fundamentals of Soil Physics (1980)and Applications of Soil Physics (1980)
* Explores the wide range of interactions among the phases in the soil and the dynamic interconnections of the soil with the subterranean and atmospheric domains
* Draws attention to historical and contemporary issues concerning the human management of soil and water resources
* Directs readers toward solution of practical problems in terrestrial ecology, field-scale hydrology, agronomy, and civil engineering
* Incorporates contributions by leading scientists in the areas of spatial variability, soil remediation, and the inclusion of land-surface processes in global climate models
* Updates and expands the scope of Hillel's prior works, Fundamentals of Soil Physics (1980)and Applications of Soil Physics (1980)
* Explores the wide range of interactions among the phases in the soil and the dynamic interconnections of the soil with the subterranean and atmospheric domains
* Draws attention to historical and contemporary issues concerning the human management of soil and water resources
* Directs readers toward solution of practical problems in terrestrial ecology, field-scale hydrology, agronomy, and civil engineering
* Incorporates contributions by leading scientists in the areas of spatial variability, soil remediation, and the inclusion of land-surface processes in global climate models