Evolution of Primary Producers in the Sea
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Table of contents
- Contentsv
- List of Contributorsxi
- Prefacexiii
- Chapter 1: An Introduction to Primary Producers in the Sea: Who They Are, What They Do, and When The1
- I. What Is Primary Production?2
- II. How Is Photosynthesis Distributed in the Oceans?3
- III. What Is the Evolutionary History of Primary Production in the Oceans?4
- IV. Concluding Comments5
- References5
- Chapter 2: Oceanic Photochemistry and Evolution of Elements and Cofactors in the Early Stages of the7
- I. Energy Requirements for Life8
- II. Prebiotic Photochemistry-UV and Oceanic Photochemistry8
- III. Evolution of Cofactors10
- A. Metals10
- B. Cofactors12
- IV. Conclusions17
- Acknowledgments17
- References17
- Chapter 3: The Evolutionary Transition from Anoxygenic to Oxygenic Photosynthesis21
- I. Earliest Evidence for Photosynthesis and the Nature of the Earliest Phototrophs22
- II. Structural Conservation of the Core Structure of Photosynthetic Reaction Centers During Evolutio25
- III. The Structural and Mechanistic Differences Between the Anoxygenic Reaction Centers of Type II a28
- IV. Evolutionary Scenarios for How the Transition from Anoxygenic to Oxygenic Photosynthesis May Hav29
- V. Conclusions and Prospects for the Future33
- Acknowledgments33
- References33
- Chapter 4: Evolution of Light-Harvesting Antennas in an Oxygen World37
- I. How Cyanobacteria Changed the World38
- II. Light-Harvesting Antennas and the Evolution of the Algae39
- III. Phycobilisomes40
- IV. The ISIA/PCB Family42
- V. About Chlorophylls44
- VI. The LHC Superfamily45
- A. The Light-Harvesting Antennas45
- B. The Stress-Response Connection47
- C. Prokaryotic Ancestry of the LHC Superfamily48
- VII. Overview49
- Acknowledgments49
- References50
- Chapter 5: Eukaryote and Mitochondrial Origins: Two Sides of the Same Coin and Too Much Ado About Ox55
- I. Cell Evolution With and Without Endosymbiosis55
- II. The Standard Model of How and Why the Mitochondrion Become Established57
- III. There are at Least 12 Substantial Problems with the Standard Model58
- IV. The Same 12 Issues from the Standpoint of an Alternative Theory64
- V. Criticism and Defense of the Hydrogen Hypothesis66
- VI. Intermezzo68
- VII. Conclusions69
- Acknowledgments70
- References70
- Chapter 6: Photosynthesis and the Eukaryote Tree of Life75
- I. The Eukaryotes76
- II. Overview of the Tree77
- A. Opisthokonts78
- B. Amoebozoa80
- C. Rhizaria (Formerly Cercozoa)81
- D. Archaeplastida83
- E. Chromalveolates84
- F. Excavates86
- G. Incertae Sedis88
- III. The Eukaryote Root88
- IV. Oxygenic Photosynthesis Across the Eukaryote Tree of Life89
- A. Opisthokonts93
- B. Amoebozoa93
- C. Rhizaria94
- D. Archaeplastida95
- E. Chromalveolates95
- F. Excavates and Incertae Sedis97
- V. Conclusions98
- References99
- Chapter 7: Plastid Endosymbiosis: Sources and Timing of the Major Events109
- I. General Introduction to Plastid Endosymbiosis109
- II. Primary Plastid Origin and Plantae Monophyly114
- A. Generating the Eukaryotic Phylogeny114
- B. Molecular Clock Analyses117
- C. Conclusions of Plantae Phylogenetic and Molecular Clock Analyses120
- III. Secondary Plastid Endosymbiosis121
- IV. Tertiary Plastid Endosymbiosis124
- V. Summary127
- References128
- Chapter 8: The Geological Succession of Primary Producers in the Oceans133
- I. Records of Primary Producers in Ancient Oceans134
- A. Microfossils134
- B. Molecular Biomarkers134
- II. The Rise of Modern Phytoplankton142
- A. Fossils and Phylogeny142
- B. Biomarkers and the Rise of Modern Phytoplankton143
- C. Summary of the Rise of Modern Phytoplankton146
- III. Paleozoic Primary Production146
- A. Microfossils146
- B. Paleozoic Molecular Biomarkers147
- C. Paleozoic Summary148
- IV. Proterozoic Primary Production148
- A. Prokaryotic Fossils148
- B. Eukaryotic Fossils149
- C. Proterozoic Molecular Biomarkers151
- D. Summary of the Proterozoic Record152
- V. Archean Oceans152
- VI. Conclusions155
- A. Directions for Continuing Research156
- Acknowledgments157
- References157
- Chapter 9: Life in Triassic Oceans: Links Between Planktonic and Benthic Recovery and Radiation165
- I. Benthos169
- A. Benthic Wastelands of the Early Triassic169
- B. Middle Triassic Recovery of Benthic Ecosystems170
- C. Late Triassic Benthic Boom: Supersize Me173
- II. Plankton174
- A. Early Triassic Disaster Species174
- B. Middle Triassic Oxygen and Evolution175
- C. Late Triassic Rise of Modern Phytoplankton177
- III. Benthic-Planktonic Coupling in Triassic Oceans180
- A. Common Driver180
- B. Plankton Control181
- C. Feedback from the Benthos181
- D. Assistance from the Plankton182
- IV. Conclusions182
- Acknowledgments183
- References183
- Chapter 10: The Origin and Evolution of Dinoflagellates191
- I. Paleontological Data193
- II. Phylogeny of Dinoflagellates194
- A. Sources of Information194
- B. The Phylogeny196
- C. Reconciling Molecular and Morphological Phylogenies197
- III. The Plastids of Dinoflagellates198
- IV. Dinoflagellates in the Plankton200
- References202
- Chapter 11: The Origin and Evolution of the Diatoms: Their Adaptation to a Planktonic Existence207
- I. The Hallmark of the Diatoms: The Silica Frustule210
- A. Frustule Shape and Ornamentation and Their Bearings on Diatom Taxonomy210
- B. Frustule Construction211
- II. Diatom Phylogeny211
- A. The Heterokont Ancestry of the Diatoms213
- B. Diatom Phylogenies214
- C. The Life Cycle and Its Bearings on Phylogeny216
- III. The Origin of the Frustule219
- A. The Origin of Silica Sequestering and Metabolism219
- B. The Evolution of the Frustule in Vegetative Cells220
- IV. The Fossil Record221
- A. The Early Fossil Record of the Heterokontophytes221
- B. The Fossil Record of the Diatoms222
- V. The Success of the Diatoms in the Plankton227
- A. The Paleo-Environmental Settings and the Fates of the Various Phytoplankton Lineages227
- B. Why Did Chromists Win Over Prasinophytes or Red Microalgae?229
- C. Why Did Heterokontophytes Win Over Haptophytes and Dinoflagellates?231
- D. Why Did Diatoms Win Over Other Heterokontophytes?233
- VI. Cryptic Diversity in Planktonic Diatoms and Its Bearing on Evolution237
- VII. The Dawning Future of Diatom Research: Genomics239
- Acknowledgments241
- References241
- Chapter 12: Origin and Evolution of Coccolithophores: From Coastal Hunters to Oceanic Farmers251
- I. Coccolithophores and the Biosphere251
- II. What Is a Coccolithophore?253
- A. Coccoliths and Coccolithogenesis255
- III. The Haptophytes256
- IV. Tools and Biases in the Reconstruction of Coccolithophore Evolution259
- V. The Evolution of Haptophytes up to the Invention of Coccoliths: From Coastal Hunters to Oceanic F261
- A. The Origin of the Haptophytes and Their Trophic Status261
- B. Paleozoic Haptophytes and the Ancestors of the Coccolithophores265
- VI. The Origin of Calcification in Haptophytes: When, How Many Times, and Why?267
- A. Genetic Novelties?268
- B. Multiple Origins for Coccolithogenesis?268
- C. Environmental Forcing on the Origin of Haptophyte Calcification272
- D. Why Were Coccoliths Invented?272
- VII. Macroevolution Over the Last 220 Million Years275
- A. Forces Shaping the Evolution of Coccolithophores and Coccolithogenesis275
- B. Broad Patterns of Morphological Diversity276
- C. Oligotrophy and Water Chemistry276
- D. Changes in Morphostructural Strategies278
- VIII. The Future of Coccolithophores279
- Acknowledgments280
- References281
- Chapter 13: The Origin and Early Evolution of Green Plants287
- I. Green Plants Defined288
- II. Green Plant Body Plans291
- A. Green Plant Life Histories293
- III. The Core Structure of the Green Plant Phylogenetic Tree294
- A. The Archegoniate Line294
- B. The Chlorophyte Line296
- C. The Prasinophytes298
- IV. Difficulties in the Green Plant Phylogenetic Tree301
- A. The Identity of the Lineage Ancestral to Green Plants301
- B. The Early Diversification of the SeaweedŽ Orders302
- V. Green Plants in the Modern Marine Environment303
- VI. Conclusions304
- Acknowledgments304
- References304
- Chapter 14: Armor: Why, When, and How311
- I. Why Armor312
- A. History of The Concept ArmorŽ Applied to Plankton312
- B. Why Should Protists and the Pelagial Be Different?315
- C. Form and Function in Sessile and Drifting Photoautotrophs316
- D. Attacking Organisms/Attacking Tools318
- E. Ingestors or Predators321
- II. When323
- III. How324
- A. Material325
- B. The Geometry326
- C. Lightweight Constructions of Phytoplankton Armor327
- D. Spines and Large Size328
- E. Other Functional Explanations329
- IV. Conclusions329
- Acknowledgments330
- References330
- Chapter 15: Does Phytoplankton Cell Size Matter? The Evolution of Modern Marine Food Webs333
- I. Size Matters: From Physiological Rates to Ecological and Evolutionary Patterns334
- A. Size Scaling of Physiological Rates334
- B. Size–Abundance Relationship335
- C. Size–Diversity Relationship335
- D. Size Matters: Food Web Structure and Function336
- II. Resource Availability, Primary Production, and Size Structure of Planktonic and Benthic Food Web339
- III. Size and the Evolution of Marine Food Webs340
- A. Increase in the Maximum Size of Living Organisms Through Time340
- B. Organism Size Within Lineages Through Time (Cope’s Rule)341
- C. Climatically Driven Macroevolutionary Change in Organism Size341
- D. The Evolution of the Modern Marine Food Web342
- Acknowledgments345
- References345
- Chapter 16: Resource Competition and the Ecological Success of Phytoplankton351
- I. Resource Acquisition and Measures of Competitive Ability352
- A. Nutrients352
- B. Light353
- II. The Role of Spatial and Temporal Heterogeneity in Resource Competition in Phytoplankton355
- A. Heterogeneity in Nutrient Distribution355
- B. Heterogeneity in Light Distribution357
- C. Vertical Heterogeneity in Phytoplankton Distribution358
- III. Physiological Trade-Offs359
- A. Nutrient Utilization Trade-Offs360
- B. Light Utilization Trade-Offs360
- C. Trade-Offs in Nutrient Competitive Ability Versus Light Competitive Ability360
- D. Trade-Offs in Growth Rate Versus Competitive Ability361
- E. Trade-Offs in Grazing Resistance Versus Competitive Ability361
- IV. Ecological Strategies of Resource Utilization in Major Functional Groups361
- A. Diatoms362
- B. Coccolithophores363
- C. Green Algae363
- D. Dinoflagellates and the Role of Mixotrophy365
- E. The Role of Size366
- F. Clonal Differences in Resource Utilization366
- V. Future Phytoplankton Communities366
- VI. Challenges and Future Directions367
- A. Dynamic Regulation of Resource Utilization and Competitive Ability367
- B. Resource Interaction368
- C. Evolution of Competitive Ability368
- D. Phylogenetic Relationships369
- E. Concluding Remarks369
- Acknowledgments370
- References370
- Chapter 17: Biological and Geochemical Forcings to Phanerozoic Change in Seawater, Atmosphere, and C377
- I. Continental Weathering Fluxes and CO2378
- II. The Global Biogeochemical Cycles of Calcium, Magnesium, Carbon, Sulfur, Silica, and Phosphorus382
- A. Calcium-Magnesium-Silicate-Carbonate-CO2 Cycle382
- B. Organic Carbon and Phosphorus Subcycles383
- C. Sulfur Subcycle384
- III. Oceanic Sinks384
- A. The Major Sink Processes384
- B. Sink Trends Through Time387
- IV. Some Trends in Carbonate Rock Features392
- V. Atmosphere and Seawater Composition393
- VI. Discussion and Conclusions397
- Acknowledgments400
- References400
- Chapter 18: Geochemical and Biological Consequences of Phytoplankton Evolution405
- I. Introduction405
- A. The Two Carbon Cycles406
- B. The Great Oxidation EventŽ and the Wilson Cycle407
- II. The Role of Phytoplankton in the Geological Carbon Cycle408
- A. Early Phytoplankton Evolution408
- B. The Rise of the Red Lineage410
- C. Biological Overprint of the Geological Carbon Cycle412
- III. The Phanerozoic Carbon Isotope Record413
- A. Jurassic to Mid-Miocene 1.1permil delta13Ccarb Increase415
- B. 2.5permil delta13Ccarb Decrease Since the Mid-Miocene416
- IV. Feedbacks in Biogeochemical Cycles417
- A. Phytoplankton Community Structure and the Wilson Cycle417
- B. Biological Impact on Global Sedimentation Patterns419
- C. Effects of Carbon Burial on Atmospheric Gases420
- V. Concluding Remarks424
- Acknowledgments425
- References425
- Index431
- Color Plates443
This text reference examines how photosynthesis evolved on Earth and how phytoplankton evolved through time – ultimately to permit the evolution of complex life, including human beings. The first of its kind, this book provides thorough coverage of key topics, with contributions by leading experts in biophysics, evolutionary biology, micropaleontology, marine ecology, and biogeochemistry.
This exciting new book is of interest not only to students and researchers in marine science, but also to evolutionary biologists and ecologists interested in understanding the origins and diversification of life. Primary Producers of the Sea offers these students and researchers an understanding of the molecular evolution, phylogeny, fossil record, and environmental processes that collectively permits us to comprehend the rise of phytoplankton and their impact on Earth's ecology and biogeochemistry. It is certain to become the first and best word on this exhilarating topic.
* Discusses the evolution of phytoplankton in the world's oceans as the first living organisms and the first and basic producers in the earths food chain
* Includes the latest developments in the evolution and ecology of marine phytoplankton specifically with additional information on marine ecosystems and biogeochemical cycles
* The only book to consider of the evolution of phytoplankton and its role in molecular evolution, biogeochemistry, paleontology, and oceanographic aspects
* Written at a level suitable for related reading use in courses on the Evolution of the Biosphere, Ecological and Biological oceanography and marine biology, and Biodiversity
This exciting new book is of interest not only to students and researchers in marine science, but also to evolutionary biologists and ecologists interested in understanding the origins and diversification of life. Primary Producers of the Sea offers these students and researchers an understanding of the molecular evolution, phylogeny, fossil record, and environmental processes that collectively permits us to comprehend the rise of phytoplankton and their impact on Earth's ecology and biogeochemistry. It is certain to become the first and best word on this exhilarating topic.
* Discusses the evolution of phytoplankton in the world's oceans as the first living organisms and the first and basic producers in the earths food chain
* Includes the latest developments in the evolution and ecology of marine phytoplankton specifically with additional information on marine ecosystems and biogeochemical cycles
* The only book to consider of the evolution of phytoplankton and its role in molecular evolution, biogeochemistry, paleontology, and oceanographic aspects
* Written at a level suitable for related reading use in courses on the Evolution of the Biosphere, Ecological and Biological oceanography and marine biology, and Biodiversity