Elsevier S & T

EXERGY: Energy, Environment and Sustainable Development

Dincer, Ibrahim; Rosen, Marc A.; Rosen, Marc A.

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Table of contents

TABLE OF CONTENTSix
PREFACEv
ACKNOWLEDGMENTSvii
ABOUT THE AUTHORSviii
CHAPTER 1. THERMODYNAMIC FUNDAMENTALS1
1.1. Introduction1
1.2. Energy1
1.2.1. Applications of energy1
1.2.2. Concept of energy2
1.2.3. Forms of energy2
1.2.4. The first law of thermodynamics3
1.2.5. Energy and the FLT4
1.2.6. Economic aspects of energy4
1.2.7. Energy audit methods5
1.2.8. Energy management5
1.3. Entropy6
1.3.1. Order and disorder and reversibility and irreversibility6
1.3.2. Characteristics of entropy7
1.3.3. Significance of entropy8
1.3.4. Carnot's contribution9
1.3.5. The second law of thermodynamics9
1.3.6. SLT statements10
1.3.7. The Clausius inequality10
1.3.8. Useful relationships11
1.4. Exergy11
1.4.1. The quantity exergy11
1.4.2. Exergy analysis11
1.4.3. Characteristics of exergy12
1.4.4. The reference environment12
1.4.5. Exergy vs. energy13
1.4.6. Exergy efficiencies14
1.4.7. Solar exergy and the earth14
1.5. Illustrative examples15
1.5.1. Illustrative example 115
1.5.2. Illustrative example 216
1.5.3. Illustrative example 317
1.5.4. Illustrative example 419
1.6. Closing remarks21
Problems21
CHAPTER 2. EXERGY AND ENERGY ANALYSES23
2.1. Introduction23
2.2. Why energy and exergy analyses?23
2.3. Nomenclature24
2.4. Balances for mass, energy and entropy24
2.4.1. Conceptual balances24
2.4.2. Detailed balances24
2.5. Exergy of systems and flows26
2.5.1. Exergy of a closed system26
2.5.2. Exergy of flows27
2.6. Exergy consumption28
2.7. Exergy balance28
2.8. Reference environment29
2.8.1. Theoretical characteristics of the reference environment29
2.8.2. Models for the reference environment29
2.9. Efficiencies and other measures of merit31
2.10. Procedure for energy and exergy analyses32
2.11. Energy and exergy properties32
2.12. Implications of results of exergy analyses33
2.13. Closing remarks34
Problems34
CHAPTER 3. EXERGY, ENVIRONMENT AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT36
3.1. Introduction36
3.2. Exergy and environmental problems37
3.2.1. Environmental concerns37
3.2.2. Potential solutions to environmental problems40
3.2.3. Energy and environmental impact42
3.2.4. Thermodynamics and the environment42
3.3. Exergy and sustainable development45
3.3.1. Sustainable development45
3.3.2. Sustainability and its need45
3.3.3. Dimensions of sustainability46
3.3.4. Environmental limits and geographic scope47
3.3.5. Environmental, social and economic components of sustainability47
3.3.6. Industrial ecology and resource conservation47
3.3.7. Energy and sustainable development49
3.3.8. Energy and environmental sustainability49
3.3.9. Exergy and sustainability49
3.3.10. Exergetic aspects of sustainable processes51
3.3.11. Renewables and tools for sustainable development51
3.3.12. Exergy as a common sustainability quantifier for process factors55
3.4. Illustrative example56
3.4.1. Implications regarding exergy and energy57
3.4.2. Implications regarding exergy and the environment58
3.4.3. Implications regarding exergy and sustainable development58
3.5. Closing remarks58
Problems59
CHAPTER 4. APPLICATIONS OF EXERGY IN INDUSTRY60
4.1. Introduction60
4.2. Questions surrounding industry's use of exergy61
4.3. Advantages and benefits of using exergy61
4.3.1. Understanding thermodynamic efficiencies and losses through exergy62
4.3.2. Efficiency62
4.3.3. Loss63
4.3.4. Examples63
4.3.5. Discussion64
4.4. Understanding energy conservation through exergy64
4.4.1. What do we mean by energy conservation?64
4.4.2. Exergy conservation65
4.4.3. Examples65
4.5. Disadvantages and drawbacks of using exergy66
4.6. Possible measures to increase applications of exergy in industry66
4.7. Closing remarks67
Problems67
CHAPTER 5. EXERGY IN POLICY DEVELOPMENT AND EDUCATION68
5.1. Introduction68
5.2. Exergy methods for analysis and design68
5.3. The role and place for exergy in energy-related education and awareness policies70
5.3.1. Public understanding and awareness of energy70
5.3.2. Public understanding and awareness of exergy70
5.3.3. Extending the public's need to understand and be aware of exergy to government and the media71
5.4. The role and place for exergy in education policies71
5.4.1. Education about exergy71
5.4.2. The need for exergy literacy in scientists and engineers72
5.4.3. Understanding the second law through exergy72
5.4.4. Exergy's place in a curriculum73
5.5. Closing remarks74
Problems75
CHAPTER 6. EXERGY ANALYSIS OF PSYCHROMETRIC PROCESSES76
6.1. Basic psychrometric concepts76
6.2. Balance equations for air-conditioning processes78
6.3. Case study: exergy analysis of an open-cycle desiccant cooling system82
6.3.1. Introduction82
6.3.2. Operation and design of experimental system82
6.3.3. Energy analysis84
6.3.4. Exergy analysis84
6.3.5. Results and discussion87
6.4. Closing remarks89
Problems89
CHAPTER 7. EXERGY ANALYSIS OF HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS91
7.1. Introduction91
7.2. System description93
7.3. General analysis94
7.4. System exergy analysis95
7.5. Results and discussion98
7.6. Concluding remarks98
Problems102
CHAPTER 8. EXERGY ANALYSIS OF DRYING PROCESSES AND SYSTEMS103
8.1. Introduction103
8.2. Exergy losses associated with drying104
8.3. Analysis105
8.3.1. Balances105
8.3.2. Exergy efficiency106
8.4. Importance of matching supply and end-use heat for drying107
8.5. Illustrative example107
8.5.1. Approach107
8.5.2. Results107
8.5.3. Discussion110
8.6. Energy analysis of fluidized bed drying of moist particles112
8.6.1. Fluidized bed drying112
8.6.2. Thermodynamic model and balances114
8.6.3. Efficiencies for fluidized bed drying116
8.6.4. Effects of varying process parameters117
8.6.5. Example117
8.7. Concluding remarks126
Problems126
CHAPTER 9. EXERGY ANALYSIS OF THERMAL ENERGY STORAGE SYSTEMS127
9.1. Introduction127
9.2. Principal thermodynamic considerations in TES128
9.3. Exergy evaluation of a closed TES system129
9.3.1. Analysis of the overall processes129
9.3.2. Analysis of subprocesses131
9.3.3. Implications for subprocesses and overall process133
9.4. Relations between temperature and efficiency for sensible TES134
9.4.1. Model and analysis134
9.4.2. Efficiencies and their dependence on temperature135
9.5. Exergy analysis of thermally stratified storages137
9.5.1. General stratified TES energy and exergy expressions137
9.5.2. Temperature-distribution models and relevant expressions139
9.5.3. Increasing TES exergy storage capacity using stratification142
9.6. Energy and exergy analyses of cold TES systems145
9.6.1. Energy balances146
9.6.2. Exergy balances148
9.6.3. Efficiencies148
9.7. Exergy analysis of aquifer TES systems149
9.7.1. ATES model149
9.7.2. Energy and exergy analyses150
9.8. Examples and case studies152
9.8.1. Inappropriateness of energy efficiency for TES evaluation152
9.8.2. Comparing thermal storages152
9.8.3. Thermally stratified TES155
9.8.4. Cold TES156
9.8.5. Aquifer TES159
9.9. Concluding remarks162
Problems162
CHAPTER 10. EXERGY ANALYSIS OF RENEWABLE ENERGY SYSTEMS163
10.1. Exergy analysis of solar photovoltaic systems163
10.1.1. PV performance and efficiencies164
10.1.2. Physical exergy164
10.1.3. Chemical exergy165
10.1.4. Illustrative example167
10.1.5. Closure167
10.2. Exergy analysis of solar ponds167
10.2.1. Solar ponds169
10.2.2. Experimental data for a solar pond170
10.2.3. Energy analysis172
10.2.4. Exergy analysis180
10.2.5. Closure185
10.3. Exergy analysis of wind energy systems187
10.3.1. Wind energy systems188
10.3.2. Energy and exergy analyses of wind energy aspects189
10.3.3. Case study192
10.3.4. Spatio-temporal wind exergy maps196
10.3.5. Closure204
10.4. Exergy analysis of geothermal energy systems205
10.4.1. Case study 1: energy and exergy analyses of a geothermal district heating system207
10.4.2. Case study 2: exergy analysis of a dual-level binary geothermal power plant217
10.5. Closing remarks226
Problems227
CHAPTER 11. EXERGY ANALYSIS OF STEAM POWER PLANTS229
11.1. Introduction229
11.2. Analysis230
11.2.1. Balances230
11.2.2. Overall efficiencies231
11.2.3. Material energy and exergy values231
11.3. Spreadsheet calculation approaches233
11.4. Example: analysis of a coal steam power plant235
11.5. Example: impact on power plant efficiencies of varying boiler temperature and pressure235
11.6. Case study: energy and exergy analyses of coal-fired and nuclear steam power plants238
11.6.1. Process descriptions239
11.6.2. Approach245
11.6.3. Analysis245
11.6.4. Results246
11.6.5. Discussion248
11.7. Improving steam power plant efficiency252
11.7.1. Exergy-related techniques252
11.7.2. Computer-aided design, analysis and optimization253
11.7.3. Maintenance and control253
11.7.4. Steam generator improvements253
11.7.5. Condenser improvements254
11.7.6. Reheating improvements254
11.7.7. Regenerative feedwater heating improvements255
11.7.8. Improving other plant components255
11.8. Closing remarks256
Problems256
CHAPTER 12. EXERGY ANALYSIS OF COGENERATION AND DISTRICT ENERGY SYSTEMS257
12.1. Introduction257
12.2. Cogeneration258
12.3. District energy259
12.4. Integrated systems for cogeneration and district energy260
12.5. Simplified illustrations of the benefits of cogeneration261
12.5.1. Energy impacts261
12.5.2. Energy and exergy efficiencies263
12.5.3. Impact of cogeneration on environmental emissions264
12.5.4. Further discussion265
12.6. Case study for cogeneration-based district energy265
12.6.1. System description265
12.6.2. Approach and data267
12.6.3. Preliminary analysis267
12.6.4. Analysis of components268
12.6.5. Analysis of overall system272
12.6.6. Effect of inefficiencies in thermal transport272
12.6.7. Analyses of multi-component subsystems272
12.6.8. Results272
12.6.9. Discussion274
12.7. Closing remarks275
Problems276
CHAPTER 13. EXERGY ANALYSIS OF CRYOGENIC SYSTEMS277
13.1. Introduction277
13.2. Energy and exergy analyses of gas liquefaction systems277
13.3. Exergy analysis of a multistage cascade refrigeration cycle for natural gas liquefaction281
13.3.1. Background281
13.3.2. Description of the cycle281
13.3.3. Exergy analysis282
13.3.4. Minimum work for the liquefaction process285
13.3.5. Discussion288
13.4. Closing remarks288
Problems288
CHAPTER 14. EXERGY ANALYSIS OF CRUDE OIL DISTILLATION SYSTEMS290
14.1. Introduction290
14.2. Analysis approach and assumptions291
14.3. Description of crude oil distillation system analyzed291
14.3.1. Overall system291
14.3.2. System components292
14.4. System simulation294
14.5. Energy and exergy analyses294
14.5.1. Crude heating furnace294
14.5.2. Atmospheric distillation unit295
14.5.3. Overall exergy efficiency296
14.6. Results and discussion296
14.6.1. Simulation results296
14.6.2. Energy and exergy results296
14.6.3. Impact of operating parameter variations298
14.6.4. Result limitations300
14.7. Closing remarks301
Problems302
CHAPTER 15. EXERGY ANALYSIS OF FUEL CELL SYSTEMS303
15.1. Introduction303
15.2. Background304
15.2.1. PEM fuel cells304
15.2.2. Solid oxide fuel cells304
15.3. Exergy analysis of a PEM fuel cell power system305
15.3.1. System description305
15.3.2. PEM fuel cell performance model306
15.3.3. Analysis307
15.3.4. Results and discussion308
15.3.5. Closure312
15.4. Energy and exergy analyses of combined SOFC–gas turbine systems313
15.4.1. Description of systems313
15.4.2. Analysis315
15.4.3. Thermodynamic model of the SOFC stack318
15.4.4. Exergy balances for the overall systems319
15.4.5. Results and discussion320
15.4.6. Closure323
15.5. Closing remarks323
Problems323
CHAPTER 16. EXERGY ANALYSIS OF AIRCRAFT FLIGHT SYSTEMS325
16.1. Introduction325
16.2. Exergy analysis of a turbojet326
16.2.1. Exergy flows through a turbojet326
16.2.2. Exergy efficiencies for a turbojet328
16.2.3. Impact of environment on turbojet assessment328
16.3. Flight characteristics329
16.4. Cumulative rational efficiency329
16.4.1. Variable reference environment329
16.4.2. Constant reference environment331
16.5. Cumulative exergy loss332
16.6. Contribution of exhaust gas emission to cumulative exergy loss332
16.6.1. Variable reference environment332
16.6.2. Constant reference environment333
16.7. Closing remarks334
Problems334
CHAPTER 17. EXERGOECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF THERMAL SYSTEMS335
17.1. Introduction335
17.2. Economic aspects of exergy336
17.2.1. Exergy and economics336
17.2.2. Energy and exergy prices337
17.3. Modeling and analysis338
17.3.1. Fundamental relationships338
17.3.2. Definition of key terms340
17.3.3. Ratio of thermodynamic loss rate to capital cost341
17.4. Key difference between economic and thermodynamic balances341
17.5. Example: coal-fired electricity generation342
17.5.1. Plant description and data343
17.5.2. Data categorization345
17.5.3. Results and discussion347
17.6. Case study: electricity generation from various sources349
17.6.1. Results and discussion350
17.6.2. Relations for devices in a single generating station350
17.6.3. Generalization of results356
17.7. Exergoeconomics extended: EXCEM analysis357
17.7.1. The EXCEM analysis concept357
17.7.2. Development of a code for EXCEM analysis357
17.7.3. Illustrative examples of EXCEM analysis358
17.7.4. Exergy loss and cost generation359
17.8. Closing remarks361
Problems361
CHAPTER 18. EXERGY ANALYSIS OF COUNTRIES, REGIONS AND ECONOMIC SECTORS363
18.1. Introduction363
18.2. Background and benefits364
18.3. Applying exergy to macrosystems364
18.3.1. Energy and exergy values for commodities in macrosystems364
18.3.2. The reference environment for macrosystems365
18.3.3. Efficiencies for devices in macrosystems366
18.4. Case study: energy and exergy utilization in Saudi Arabia367
18.4.1. Analysis of the residential sector368
18.4.2. Analysis of the public and private sector371
18.4.3. Analysis of the industrial sector377
18.4.4. Analysis of the transportation sector380
18.4.5. Analysis of the agricultural sector386
18.4.6. Analysis of the utility sector388
18.4.7. Energy and exergy efficiencies and flows for the sectors and country390
18.4.8. Discussion393
18.4.9. Summary of key findings394
18.5. Comparison of different countries394
18.6. Closing remarks394
Problems395
CHAPTER 19. EXERGETIC LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT397
19.1. Introduction397
19.2. Life cycle assessment397
19.3. Exergetic LCA398
19.4. Case study: exergetic life cycle analysis399
19.4.1. Natural gas and crude oil transport400
19.4.2. Natural gas reforming and crude oil distillation400
19.4.3. Hydrogen production from renewable energy402
19.4.4. Hydrogen compression403
19.4.5. Hydrogen and gasoline distribution404
19.4.6. Life cycle exergy efficiencies405
19.5. Economic implications of ExLCA406
19.6. LCA and environmental impact407
19.6.1. Power generation and transportation407
19.6.2. Environmental-impact reduction by substitution of renewables for fossil fuels409
19.6.3. Main findings and extensions415
19.7. Closing remarks415
Problems415
CHAPTER 20. EXERGY AND INDUSTRIAL ECOLOGY417
20.1. Introduction417
20.2. Industrial ecology417
20.3. Linkage between exergy and industrial ecology418
20.3.1. Depletion number418
20.3.2. Integrated systems418
20.4. Illustrative example419
20.4.1. The considered gas-turbine combined cycle with hydrogen generation419
20.4.2. Exergy analysis of the gas-turbine combined cycle with hydrogen generation421
20.4.3. Results421
20.5. Closing remarks423
Problems423
CHAPTER 21. CLOSING REMARKS AND FUTURE EXPECTATIONS424
NOMENCLATURE426
REFERENCES429
APPENDIX A: GLOSSARY OF SELECTED TERMINOLOGY440
APPENDIX B: CONVERSION FACTORS443
APPENDIX C: THERMOPHYSICAL PROPERTIES445
INDEX451
A451
B451
C451
D451
E452
F452
G452
H452
I452
K452
L452
M453
N453
O453
P453
Q453
R453
S453
T453
U454
V454
W454

Book details

Vendor Elsevier S & T
SKU 9780080445298
ISBN-13 9780080531359
Author Dincer, Ibrahim; Rosen, Marc A.; Rosen, Marc A.
Category Science
Subject Energy

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This book deals with exergy and its applications to various energy systems and applications as a potential tool for design, analysis and optimization, and its role in minimizing and/or eliminating environmental impacts and providing sustainable development. In this regard, several key topics ranging from the basics of the thermodynamic concepts to advanced exergy analysis techniques in a wide range of applications are covered as outlined in the contents.

- Comprehensive coverage of exergy and its applications
- Connects exergy with three essential areas in terms of energy, environment and sustainable development
- Presents the most up-to-date information in the area with recent developments
- Provides a number of illustrative examples, practical applications, and case studies
- Easy to follow style, starting from the basics to the advanced systems

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