Fire Debris Analysis
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Table of contents
- Cover
- Table of contentsv
- Biographiesxvii
- Prefacexxi
- Acknowledgmentsxxv
- Forewordxxix
- CHAPTER 1: Introduction1
- 1.1 THE OTHER USE OF GASOLINE AND DIESEL FUEL1
- 1.2 FIRE INVESTIGATION5
- 1.3 WHAT IS FIRE DEBRIS ANALYSIS?9
- 1.4 WHO PERFORMS FIRE DEBRIS ANALYSIS?14
- REFERENCES16
- CHAPTER 2: History19
- 2.1 PREAMBLE19
- 2.2 SAMPLE ANALYSIS28
- 2.3 SAMPLE EXTRACTION33
- 2.4 STUDY OF INTERFERENCES41
- REFERENCES45
- CHAPTER 3: Review of Basic Organic Chemistry49
- 3.1 INTRODUCTION49
- 3.2 CHEMICAL BONDS50
- 3.3 CLASSIFICATION OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS58
- 3.4 IUPAC NOMENCLATURE70
- REFERENCES81
- CHAPTER 4: Chemistry and Physics of Fire and Liquid Fuels85
- 4.1 DEFINITION OF FIRE85
- 4.2 COMBUSTION88
- 4.3 PHASE CHANGES94
- 4.4 PYROLYSIS96
- 4.5 FIRE DEVELOPMENT100
- 4.6 LIQUID FUEL PROPERTIES105
- REFERENCES127
- CHAPTER 5: Detection of Ignitable Liquid Residues at Fire Scenes131
- 5.1 INTRODUCTION131
- 5.2 BURN PATTERNS133
- 5.3 ELECTRONIC SNIFFERS138
- 5.4 COLORIMETRIC TUBES145
- 5.5 ACCELERANT DETECTION CANINES147
- 5.6 IGNITABLE LIQUID ABSORBENT151
- 5.7 ULTRAVIOLET DETECTION155
- 5.8 PORTABLE GAS-CHROMATOGRAPH (-MASS SPECTROMETER)158
- REFERENCES159
- CHAPTER 6: Sample Collection163
- 6.1 INTRODUCTION163
- 6.2 SAMPLE SELECTION164
- 6.3 SAMPLE REMOVAL168
- 6.4 SAMPLE PACKAGING178
- 6.5 EVIDENCE ADMINISTRATION AND TRANSPORTATION193
- REFERENCES195
- CHAPTER 7: Flammable and Combustible Liquids199
- 7.1 INTRODUCTION199
- 7.2 HISTORY200
- 7.3 SOURCES OF CRUDE OIL200
- 7.4 COMPOSITION OF CRUDE OIL202
- 7.5 REFINING PROCESSES203
- 7.6 PETROLEUM PRODUCT PROPERTIES217
- 7.7 THE ASTM CLASSIFICATION SCHEME226
- REFERENCES232
- CHAPTER 8: Gas Chromatography and Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry235
- 8.1 INTRODUCTION235
- 8.2 CHROMATOGRAPHIC THEORY236
- 8.3 GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY245
- 8.4 MASS SPECTROMETRY265
- 8.5 PARAMETERS USED IN FIRE DEBRIS ANALYSIS272
- 8.6 DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION METHODS IN GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY–MASS SPECTROMETRY273
- REFERENCES291
- CHAPTER 9: Interpretation of Data Obtained from Neat Ignitable Liquids295
- 9.1 INTRODUCTION295
- 9.2 PETROLEUM v. NONPETROLEUM IGNITABLE LIQUIDS297
- 9.3 BOILING POINT RANGE298
- 9.4 PETROLEUM-BASED IGNITABLE LIQUIDS302
- 9.5 GASOLINE322
- 9.6 PETROLEUM DISTILLATES327
- 9.7 ISOPARAFFINIC PRODUCTS331
- 9.8 NAPHTHENIC PARAFFINIC PRODUCTS333
- 9.9 NORMAL-ALKANE PRODUCTS334
- 9.10 AROMATIC PRODUCTS338
- 9.11 NONPETROLEUM-BASED IGNITABLE LIQUIDS340
- 9.12 IGNITABLE LIQUID IDENTIFICATION SCHEME341
- 9.13 COMPARISON OF IGNITABLE LIQUIDS347
- REFERENCES351
- CHAPTER 10: Preliminary Examination of Evidence355
- 10.1 INTRODUCTION355
- 10.2 DOCUMENTATION355
- 10.3 INITIAL OBSERVATION359
- 10.4 OTHER FORENSIC EXAMINATIONS361
- 10.5 DETAILED OBSERVATIONS370
- REFERENCES375
- CHAPTER 11: Extraction of Ignitable Liquid Residues from Fire Debris377
- 11.1 INTRODUCTION377
- 11.2 DISTILLATION TECHNIQUES379
- 11.3 SOLVENT EXTRACTION TECHNIQUES387
- 11.4 HEADSPACE TECHNIQUE395
- 11.5 ADSORPTION TECHNIQUES399
- 11.6 CHOOSING THE RIGHT TECHNIQUE432
- REFERENCES437
- CHAPTER 12: Interpretation of Ignitable Liquid Residues Extracted from Fire Debris441
- 12.1 INTRODUCTION441
- 12.2 MATERIALS CONSTITUTING SUBSTRATES446
- 12.3 CONCEPT OF INTERFERING PRODUCTS452
- 12.4 OTHER INFLUENCES ON ILR468
- 12.5 INTERPRETATION KEY474
- REFERENCES492
- CHAPTER 13: Other Techniques of Analysis and the Future of Fire Debris Analysis495
- 13.1 INTRODUCTION495
- 13.2 COMPREHENSIVE TWO-DIMENSIONAL GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY–MASS SPECTROMETRY (GCxGC–MS)497
- 13.3 GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY–MASS SPECTROMETRY/MASS SPECTROMETRY (GC–MS/MS)509
- 13.4 GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY–ISOTOPE RATIO MASS SPECTROMETRY (GC–IRMS)512
- 13.5 ELECTRON IONIZATION FOURIER TRANSFORM ION CYCLOTRON RESONANCE (EI FT–ICR)514
- 13.6 VAPOR PHASE ULTRAVIOLET SPECTROSCOPY517
- 13.7 SECOND DERIVATIVE ULTRAVIOLET SPECTROMETRY520
- 13.8 THIN-LAYER CHROMATOGRAPHY (TLC)520
- 13.9 AROMA DETECTION TECHNOLOGY521
- 13.10 NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE522
- REFERENCES524
- CHAPTER 14: Other Possible Examinations Conducted on Fire Debris529
- 14.1 INTRODUCTION529
- 14.2 VEGETABLE OIL RESIDUES (VOR)530
- 14.3 VEHICLE FLUIDS546
- 14.4 FLARE (FUSEE) RESIDUES558
- 14.5 HOMEMADE CHEMICAL BOMBS (HCBS)562
- 14.6 FLASH POINT567
- REFERENCES575
- CHAPTER 15: Education, Training, and Certification579
- 15.1 INTRODUCTION579
- 15.2 PERSONAL CHARACTERISTICS580
- 15.3 EDUCATION581
- 15.4 TRAINING582
- 15.5 CONTINUING EDUCATION588
- 15.6 MEASURE OF COMPETENCE589
- 15.7 CERTIFICATION591
- REFERENCES595
- CHAPTER 16: Standardization597
- 16.1 INTRODUCTION597
- 16.2 DEFINITION OF STANDARDIZATION599
- 16.3 ASTM TECHNICAL COMMITTEE STRUCTURE599
- 16.4 ASTM STANDARDS DEVELOPMENT601
- 16.5 TYPES OF STANDARDS601
- 16.6 STANDARD PRACTICES FOR FIRE DEBRIS ANALYSIS603
- 16.7 STANDARD TEST METHODS FOR FIRE DEBRIS ANALYSIS603
- REFERENCES605
- CHAPTER 17: Accreditation607
- 17.1 INTRODUCTION607
- 17.2 ASCLD/LAB609
- 17.3 ASCLD/LAB LEGACY PROGRAM610
- 17.4 ISO/IEC 17025613
- REFERENCES615
- Abbreviations617
- Index625
The study of fire debris analysis is vital to the function of all fire investigations, and, as such, Fire Debris Analysis is an essential resource for fire investigators. The present methods of analysis include the use of gas chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, techniques which are well established and used by crime laboratories throughout the world. However, despite their universality, this is the first comprehensive resource that addresses their application to fire debris analysis.
Fire Debris Analysis covers topics such as the physics and chemistry of fire and liquid fuels, the interpretation of data obtained from fire debris, and the future of the subject. Its cutting-edge material and experienced author team distinguishes this book as a quality reference that should be on the shelves of all crime laboratories.
* Serves as a comprehensive guide to the science of fire debris analysis
* Presents both basic and advanced concepts in an easily readable, logical sequence
* Includes a full-color insert with figures that illustrate key concepts discussed in the text
Fire Debris Analysis covers topics such as the physics and chemistry of fire and liquid fuels, the interpretation of data obtained from fire debris, and the future of the subject. Its cutting-edge material and experienced author team distinguishes this book as a quality reference that should be on the shelves of all crime laboratories.
* Serves as a comprehensive guide to the science of fire debris analysis
* Presents both basic and advanced concepts in an easily readable, logical sequence
* Includes a full-color insert with figures that illustrate key concepts discussed in the text