Elsevier S & T

Fish Physiology: Nitrogen Excretion: Nitrogen Excretion

Hoar, William S.

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Table of contents
  • CONTENTSv
  • Contributorsix
  • Prefacexi
  • Chapter 1. Evolutionary Considerations of Nitrogen Metabolism and Excretion1
  • I. Introduction: The Changing Roles of Ammonia and Urea1
  • II. Evolution of Urea as an Osmolyte and Excretory Product in Fish5
  • III. Uricotely and Other End Products22
  • IV. Summary and Epilogue24
  • References26
  • Chapter 2. Protein Synthesis31
  • I. Introduction31
  • II. General Models of Protein Synthesis32
  • III. Protein Synthesis and Amino Acid Flux37
  • IV. Factors That Modify Protein Synthesis57
  • V. Energetic Cost of Protein Synthesis in Fish67
  • VI. Summary67
  • References69
  • Chapter 3. Amino Acid Metabolism77
  • I. Introduction77
  • II. Digestion and Uptake of Amino Acids79
  • III. Delivery Systems79
  • IV. Tissues83
  • V. Exercise91
  • VI. Hormonal Regulation91
  • VII. Diurnal Rhythms in Amino Acid Metabolism93
  • VIII. Diet and Starvation94
  • IX. Temperature95
  • X. Salinity96
  • XI. Anoxia97
  • XII. Summary98
  • References99
  • Chapter 4. Ammonia Toxicity, Tolerance, and Excretion109
  • I. Introduction109
  • II. Ammonia Toxicity to Fish110
  • III. Strategies to Reduce, Tolerate, or Avoid Ammonia Toxicity123
  • IV. Summary139
  • References140
  • Chapter 5. Ontogeny of Nitrogen Metabolism and Excretion149
  • I. Early Development of Fishes149
  • II. Free Amino Acids151
  • III. Nutritional Demands164
  • IV. Nitrogen End Products and Their Chemistry in Solution169
  • V. Nitrogen Metabolism176
  • VI. Nitrogen Excretion181
  • VII. Summary185
  • References186
  • Chapter 6. Influence of Feeding, Exercise, and Temperature on Nitrogen Metabolism and Excretion201
  • I. Introduction201
  • II. Feeding and Nitrogen Metabolism202
  • III. Metabolic Fuel Usage and Nitrogen Metabolism207
  • IV. Exercise and Nitrogen Metabolism209
  • V. Temperature and Nitrogen Metabolism216
  • VI. Other Nitrogen Products?219
  • VII. Excretion Mechanisms223
  • VIII. Elasmobranchs225
  • IX. Concluding Remarks228
  • References229
  • Chapter 7. Urea and Glutamine Synthesis: Environmental Influences on Nitrogen Excretion239
  • I. Introduction239
  • II. Carbamoyl-Phosphate Synthetase III and Nitrogen Excretion in Fish244
  • III. Glutamine Synthetase and Ammonia Detoxification250
  • IV. Urea Cycle in Elasmobranchs253
  • V. Urea Cycle in Teleosts: Adaptation to Unique Environmental Circumstances256
  • VI. Summary269
  • References270
  • Chapter 8. Urea Transport279
  • I. Introduction279
  • II. Urea Transport in Mammalian Systems281
  • III. Physiology of Urea Transport in Fish289
  • IV. Prospects for Future Research and Evolutionary Perspectives320
  • References302
  • Chapter 9. Nitrogen Compounds as Osmolytes309
  • I. Introduction309
  • II. Types and Contents of Osmolytes311
  • III. Metabolism and Regulation of Osmolytes316
  • IV. Properties and Functions of Nitrogen Osmolytes320
  • V. Mechanisms of Compatibility and Counteraction: Osmolytes and Water Structure331
  • VI. Evolutionary Considerations333
  • VII. Practical Applications, Exceptions, and Unanswered Questions334
  • References335
  • Index343
  • Other Volumes in the Fish Physiology Series357
Book details
  • Vendor Elsevier S & T
  • SKU 9780123504449
  • ISBN-13 9780080497518
  • Author Hoar, William S.
  • Category Technology & Engineering
  • Subject Fisheries & Aquaculture

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This book provides a comprehensive collection of timely reviews of our current understanding of the fundamental principles of nitrogen metabolism and excretion in fish. Emphasis is placed on critical assessment of how new studies impact these topics, and the articles reflect the diversity of current research approaches.