Elsevier S & T

Fish Physiology: Primitive Fishes: Primitive Fishes

McKenzie, David J.

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Table of contents
  • Copyright Pageiv
  • Contentsv
  • Contributorsix
  • Prefacexi
  • Chapter 1: Living Primitive Fishes and Fishes From Deep Time1
  • 1. Introduction2
  • 2. Primitive Characters, Primitive Taxa, and Ancient Taxa4
  • 3. Living Fossils6
  • 4. Living Primitive Fishes in Vertebrate Phylogeny9
  • 4.1. The Hagfish-Lamprey-Gnathostome Node13
  • 4.2. The Gar-Bowfin-Teleosts Node13
  • 4.3. The Coelacanth-Lungfish-Tetrapod Node14
  • 4.4. Other Problematic Nodes14
  • 5. Living Primitive Fishes and Their Fossil Relatives: Naming and Dating Taxa16
  • 5.1. Hagfishes and Lampreys19
  • 5.2. Chondrichthyans20
  • 5.3. Actinopterygians22
  • 5.4. Sarcopterygians26
  • 6. Extinct Major Fish Taxa and Their Position in Vertebrate Phylogeny28
  • 6.1. Yunnanozoans and Myllokunmingiids28
  • 6.2. "Ostracoderms"31
  • 6.3. Placoderms33
  • 6.4. Acanthodians33
  • 6.5. "Paleoniscoids" and Basal Neopterygians36
  • 6.6. Extinct Sarcopterygian Taxa37
  • 7. How Stable is Vertebrate Phylogeny?38
  • 8. Fossils and Physiology39
  • 9. The Environment of Early Fishes: Marine Versus Freshwater Vertebrates41
  • 10. Conclusions45
  • References45
  • Chapter 2: Cardiovascular Systems in Primitive Fishes53
  • 1. Introduction54
  • 1.1. Scope of the Chapter54
  • 1.2. Measurement Systems: Their Benefits and Limitations55
  • 2. An Overview of Evolutionary Progressions57
  • 2.1. Anatomical Patterns58
  • 2.2. Physiological Patterns60
  • 3. Details of the Cyclostome Circulatory Systems64
  • 3.1. Hagfishes64
  • 3.2. Lampreys80
  • 4. Details of the Sarcopterygii (Lobe-Finned Fishes) Circulatory Systems86
  • 4.1. Coelacanth86
  • 4.2. Dipnoi (Lungfishes)88
  • 5. Details of the Circulatory Systems in Polypterids, Gars, and Bowfins105
  • 5.1. Polypterids (Bichirs and Reedfish)105
  • 5.2. Garfishes106
  • 5.3. Amia (Bowfins)107
  • 6. Details of the Sturgeon Circulatory Systems109
  • 6.1. Cardiac Anatomy109
  • 6.2. Circulatory Patterns110
  • 6.3. Cardiac Dynamics110
  • 6.4. Circulatory Control111
  • 7. Conclusions111
  • Acknowledgements112
  • References112
  • Chapter 3: Nervous and Sensory Systems121
  • 1. Introduction122
  • 2. Development of the CNS123
  • 3. The Brains of Primitive Fishes124
  • 3.1. Agnathans (Hagfishes and Lampreys)124
  • 3.2. Sarcopterygians (Lobe-Finned Fishes)125
  • 3.3. Actinopterygians (Early Ray-Finned Fishes)127
  • 4. Functional Classification of Cranial Nerves in Fishes129
  • 5. The Visual System132
  • 5.1. The Optical Apparatus132
  • 5.2. Retina and Visual Function133
  • 5.3. Spectral Filters138
  • 5.4. Visual Sensitivity138
  • 5.5. Visual Resolution139
  • 5.6. Visual Input to the CNS140
  • 5.7. Nonvisual Photoreception141
  • 6. Chemoreceptive Systems144
  • 6.1. Olfaction144
  • 6.2. Gustation148
  • 6.3. Solitary Chemoreceptor Systems151
  • 7. Octavolateralis System152
  • 7.1. Audition152
  • 7.2. Vestibular Control156
  • 7.3. Lateral Line158
  • 8. Electroreception160
  • 8.1. Structure, Function, and Evolution of Ampullary Receptors161
  • 8.2. Role in Passive Electrolocation163
  • 9. Concluding Remarks165
  • References166
  • Chapter 4: Ventilatory Systems181
  • 1. Introduction182
  • 2. Respiratory Strategies183
  • 3. Respiratory Organs184
  • 3.1. Water Breathing184
  • 3.2. Air Breathing187
  • 4. Ventilatory Mechanisms189
  • 4.1. Cutaneous Gas Exchange189
  • 4.2. Ventilation of External Gills189
  • 4.3. Ventilation of Internal Gills189
  • 4.4. Ventilation of ABOs193
  • 5. Respiratory Control196
  • 5.1. Hypoxic and Hypercarbic Ventilatory Responses and Reflex Pathways196
  • 5.2. Receptors Involved in Reflex Ventilatory Control202
  • 6. Conclusions206
  • References206
  • Chapter 5: Gas Transport and Exchange213
  • 1. Introduction214
  • 2. Partitioning of O2 and CO2 Exchange Across the Respiratory Surfaces214
  • 2.1. Primitive Ray-Finned Fishes (Actinopterygii)215
  • 2.2. Lobe-Finned Fishes (Sarcopterygii)227
  • 2.3. Jawless Fishes (Agnatha)229
  • 3. Blood O2 Transport230
  • 3.1. General Principles of Hb Function230
  • 3.2. Factors Affecting the ArterioVenous O2 Difference231
  • 3.3. Survey of Extant Primitive Fishes239
  • 4. Transport and Elimination of CO2253
  • 4.1. General Model of CO2 Transport and Excretion253
  • 5. Synthesis262
  • 5.1. How Do Primitive Fishes Compete with Other Fishes?262
  • 5.2. Primitive Fishes and the Evolution of Vertebrate Blood O2 and CO2 Transport Characteristics264
  • Acknowledgements269
  • References270
  • Chapter 6: Ionic, Osmotic, and Nitrogenous Waste Regulation283
  • 1. Introduction284
  • 1.1. Origins in Seawater284
  • 1.2. "Parting of the Ways": The Move to Freshwater284
  • 1.3. Key Sites of Osmoregulation and Nitrogen Excretion in Fishes285
  • 2. Ionic and Osmotic Regulation285
  • 2.1. In Seawater285
  • 2.2. In Freshwater289
  • 2.3. Moving Between the River and Sea291
  • 3. Nitrogen Excretion291
  • 3.1. Toxic Ammonia291
  • 3.2. Synthesis of Nitrogen End-Products294
  • 3.3. Excretion299
  • 3.4. The Challenges of Estivation307
  • 4. Concluding Remarks309
  • Acknowledgements310
  • References310
  • Chapter 7: Locomotion in Primitive Fishes319
  • 1. Introduction320
  • 2. Swimming Modes and Associated Morphological Adaptations321
  • 2.1. BCF Swimming322
  • 2.2. MPF Swimming325
  • 2.3. Modes of Fast-Start Behavior327
  • 3. Locomotor Muscles328
  • 4. Neuromotor Coordination331
  • 4.1. Axial Rhythm Generation Circuits332
  • 4.2. Mauthner Neurons and the Evolution of the Startle Neural Circuit334
  • 5. Locomotor Performance and Physiology338
  • 5.1. Continuous Swimming Performance338
  • 5.2. Fast-Start Performance366
  • 6. Conclusions368
  • References370
  • Chapter 8: Peripheral Endocrine Glands. I. The Gastroenteropancreatic Endocrine System and the Thyro381
  • 1. Introduction382
  • 2. Endocrine Pancreas and Related Gastrointestinal Endocrine System383
  • 2.1. Background and Definitions383
  • 2.2. Agnatha385
  • 2.3. Gnathostomes391
  • 2.4. Phylogenetic Considerations403
  • 3. Thyroid Gland405
  • 3.1. Background405
  • 3.2. Agnatha407
  • 3.3. Gnathostomes424
  • 3.4. Phylogenetic Considerations437
  • 4. Summary and Conclusions440
  • Acknowledgements442
  • References442
  • Chapter 9: Peripheral Endocrine Glands. II. The Adrenal Glands and the Corpuscles of Stannius457
  • 1. Introduction458
  • 2. Adrenal Glands459
  • 2.1. Background459
  • 2.2. Adrenocortical Homologue459
  • 2.3. Chromaffin Tissue478
  • 2.4. Prospective on the Adrenal Glands of Ancient Fishes485
  • 3. Corpuscles of Stannius487
  • 3.1. Background487
  • 3.2. Amiiformes490
  • 3.3. Semionotiformes493
  • 3.4. Basal Teleosts494
  • 3.5. Phylogenetic Considerations of the CS and STC in Fishes497
  • 4. Summary and Conclusions500
  • Acknowledgements502
  • References502
  • Chapter 10: Why Have Primitive Fishes Survived?515
  • 1. Introduction516
  • 2. Life During the Early Phanerozoic516
  • 3. The Teleosts518
  • 3.1. Feeding and Locomotion519
  • 3.2. Genome Duplication519
  • 4. Primitive Fishes: Relationships Between Groups520
  • 4.1. Agnathans520
  • 4.2. Elasmobranchs523
  • 4.3. Ratfishes/Chimaeras525
  • 4.4. Lungfishes525
  • 4.5. Coelacanths526
  • 4.6. Bichirs/Reedfishes527
  • 4.7. Sturgeons527
  • 4.8. Paddlefishes528
  • 4.6. Gars529
  • 4.10. Bowfin529
  • 5. Why Have These Primitive Fishes Survived?530
  • 5.1. Role of Physiology530
  • 5.2. Role of Genomics and Prospects for Future Research532
  • 6. Conclusions532
  • Acknowledgments533
  • References533
  • Index537
  • Other Volumes in the Series561
Book details
  • Vendor Elsevier S & T
  • SKU 9780123736710
  • ISBN-13 9780080549521
  • Author McKenzie, David J.
  • Category Science
  • Subject Marine Biology

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Primitive fishes are a relatively untapped resource in the scientific search for insights into the evolution of physiological systems in fishes and higher vertebrates. Volume 26 in the Fish Physiology series presents what is known about the physiology of these fish in comparison with the two fish groups that dominate today, the modern elasmobranchs and the teleosts. Chapters include reviews on what is known about cardiovascular, nervous and ventilatory systems, gas exchange, ion and nitrogenous waste regulation, muscles and locomotion, endocrine systems, and reproduction. Editors provide a thorough understanding of how these systems have evolved through piscine and vertebrate evolutionary history. Primitive Fishes includes ground-breaking information in the field, including highlighs of the most unusual characteristics amongst the various species, which might have allowed these fishes to persist virtually unchanged through evolutionary time. This volume is essential for all comparative physiologists, fish biologists, and paleontologists.

* Provides an analysis of the evolutionary significance of physiological adaptations in "ancient fishes"
* Offers insights on the evolution of higher vertebrates
* The only single source that presents an in-depth discussion of topics related to the physiology of ancient fishes