Elsevier S & T

Fitness-for-Service Fracture Assessment of Structures Containing Cracks: A Workbook based on the European SINTAP/FITNET procedure

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Table of contents
  • Table of Contentsv
  • Nomenclatureix
  • Chapter 1. Introduction1
  • 1.1. SINTAP1
  • 1.2. FITNET3
  • 1.3. The Topic of the Present Book3
  • Chapter 2. Brief Overview on the Development of Flaw Assessment7
  • 2.1. General Aspects7
  • 2.2. Ligament Yielding8
  • 2.3. The TWI (The Welding Institute) Design Curve Approach9
  • 2.4. The Early FAD Approach of CEGB (Central Electricity Generating Board)10
  • 2.5. The EPRI (Electric Power Research Institute) Approach11
  • 2.6. The Reference Stress Method of CEGB12
  • 2.7. The R6-Revision 3 Approach of CEGB13
  • 2.8. The Engineering Treatment Model (ETM) Approach of GKSS15
  • 2.9. The SINTAP Approach16
  • Chapter 3. Basic Features of SINTAP/FITNET19
  • 3.1. Fitness-for-Service19
  • 3.2. Potential Tasks of a SINTAP/FITNET Analysis20
  • 3.3. Multi-Optional Concept21
  • 3.4. FAD Versus CDF Analyses24
  • 3.5. Integrated Concept25
  • Chapter 4. The Input Parameters29
  • 4.1. Loading Input Parameters29
  • 4.1.1. General Considerations29
  • 4.1.2. Primary and Secondary Stresses29
  • 4.1.3. Definition of the Stress Profile for Use with the K-Factor30
  • 4.1.4. Definition of the Stress Profile for Yield Load Determination35
  • 4.2. Flaw Characterisation36
  • 4.2.1. Planar and Volumetric Flaws36
  • 4.2.2. Basic Crack Types36
  • 4.2.3. Crack Shape Idealisation36
  • 4.2.4. Interaction Effects of Multiple Cracks38
  • 4.2.5. Crack Re-characterisation40
  • 4.2.6. Crack Orientation and Projected Crack Depth41
  • 4.3. Deformation Characteristics of the Material43
  • 4.3.1. General Remarks43
  • 4.3.2. Engineering and True Stress-Strain Curve44
  • 4.3.3. Modulus of Elasticity (Young’s Modulus) and Poisson’s Ratio44
  • 4.3.4. Yield Strength and Tensile Strength45
  • 4.3.5. Flow Stress46
  • 4.3.6. Strain Hardening Coefficient46
  • 4.3.7. Yield Strain (Lüders’ Strain)47
  • 4.3.8. Tensile Data Relevant to Welds48
  • 4.3.9. Temperature and Strain Rate Dependency50
  • 4.4. Toughness Characteristics of the Material50
  • 4.4.1. General Remarks50
  • 4.4.2. The Fracture Toughness Transition Curve51
  • 4.4.3. Lower Shelf Fracture Toughness53
  • 4.4.4. Upper Shelf Fracture Toughness54
  • 4.4.5. Ductile-to-Brittle Transition56
  • 4.4.6. Constraint Dependency of Fracture Toughness74
  • 4.4.7. Reference Toughness Based on Charpy Data85
  • Chapter 5. The Model Parameters89
  • 5.1. The Stress Intensity Factor (K-Factor)89
  • 5.1.1. Sources for Analytical K-Factor Solutions89
  • 5.1.2. Types of Analytical K-Factor Solutions90
  • 5.1.3. Superposition of K-Factors110
  • 5.1.4. Treatment of Geometry Factor Solutions Available in Table Format110
  • 5.1.5. Individual Determination of K-Factors by Finite Element or Comparable Methods111
  • 5.2. Net Section Yield Load FY, Reference Stress σref and Ligament Yielding Lr112
  • 5.2.1. Methods for the Generation of Yield Load Solutions112
  • 5.2.2. Global vs. Local Yield Load113
  • 5.2.3. Conservatism in Yield Load Determination114
  • 5.2.4. Sources for Analytical Yield Load Solutions115
  • 5.2.5. Types of Analytical Yield Load Solutions for Homogenous Components116
  • 5.2.6. Equivalent Yield Load Solutions for Strength Mismatch Components129
  • Chapter 6. Structural Assessment137
  • 6.1. Acceptable or Critical Conditions of a Component137
  • 6.2. Assessment Based on the FAD Philosophy139
  • 6.2.1. The FAD139
  • 6.2.2. The Assessment Point (or Path)139
  • 6.2.3. Types of FAD Analysis141
  • 6.2.4. Non-unique Solutions142
  • 6.3. Assessment Based on the CDF Philosophy143
  • 6.3.1. The CDF Functions143
  • 6.3.2. The Determination of the Critical Condition144
  • 6.4. The f(Lr) Function According to the Different Analysis Levels147
  • 6.4.1. General Remarks147
  • 6.4.2. Option 0 (“Basic Option”)147
  • 6.4.3. Option 1 (“Standard Option”)148
  • 6.4.4. Option 3 (Stress…Strain Defined OptionŽ)151
  • 6.5. Examples for SINTAP/FITNET Analysis153
  • 6.5.1. Determination of the Critical Load153
  • 6.5.2. Determination of the Critical Crack Size157
  • 6.5.3. Determination of the Required Minimum Toughness158
  • 6.5.4. Determination of the Instability Load (R-Curve Analysis)159
  • 6.6. Combined Primary and Secondary Stresses162
  • 6.6.1. General Remarks162
  • 6.6.2. The Correction Term V in the FAD and CDF Approaches163
  • 6.6.3. The Determination of V164
  • 6.6.4. Welding Residual Stress Profiles165
  • 6.6.5. Examples of Analysis for Combined Primary and Secondary Stresses172
  • 6.6.6. Further Remarks on Welding Residual Stress Profiles185
  • 6.7. Constraint Effects188
  • 6.7.1. Consideration in the FAD and CDF Approaches188
  • 6.7.2. Example of an Assessment Including Constraint Effects188
  • 6.8. Mixed Mode Loading191
  • 6.8.1. General Aspects191
  • 6.8.2. FAD Analysis193
  • 6.8.3. CDF Analysis194
  • 6.9. Rapid Loading and Crack Arrest194
  • 6.9.1. General Aspects194
  • 6.9.2. Quasi-Static vs. Dynamic Analysis196
  • 6.9.3. Crack Arrest197
  • 6.10. Thin Wall Structures198
  • 6.10.1. General Aspects198
  • 6.10.2. Thin Wall Assessment Module200
  • 6.10.3. Examples of Thin Wall Assessments202
  • 6.11. Strength Mismatch208
  • 6.11.1. The Strength Mismatch Phenomenon208
  • 6.11.2. The Strength Mismatch Options210
  • 6.11.3. Examples of Option 2 Analysis214
  • 6.11.4. The Option 3 Mismatch Module219
  • 6.11.5. Further Aspects of Strength Mismatch220
  • 6.12. Weld Shape Imperfections224
  • 6.12.1. Weldment Specific K-Solutions224
  • 6.12.2. Misalignment225
  • 6.12.3. Example of an Assessment Taking into Account Misalignment226
  • 6.13. Reliability Aspects and Significance of the Results229
  • 6.13.1. General Aspects229
  • 6.13.2. Reserve Factors and Sensitivity Analysis230
  • 6.13.3. Reliability Analysis230
  • 6.13.4. Example of a Simplified Reliability Analysis231
  • 6.13.5. Partial Safety Factors235
  • 6.14. Potential Benefit of Applying Advanced Options and Modules238
  • Chapter 7. Validation Examples241
  • 7.1. Introduction241
  • 7.2. Pipelines and Pressurised Tubes241
  • 7.3. Thin Wall Structures244
  • 7.4. Strength Mismatched Configurations247
  • 7.5. Failure Investigation248
  • References251
  • Appendix: Fracture Toughness Test StandardsŽ265
  • Glossary269
  • Index289
Book details
  • Vendor Elsevier S & T
  • SKU 9780080449470
  • ISBN-13 9780080552835

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The purpose of this book is to facilitate the use of fracture mechanics based failure assessment procedures for the evaluation and design of structures and components. All practical structures contain flaws and the optimum combination of cost efficiency and safety whilst achieving the required capability, can only be realised by using state of the art methods such as that represented by the European flaw assessment method SINTAP/FITNET to analyse the safety risk. This book is written by practitioners with extensive experience in both the development and use of integrity assessment methods and provides comprehensive information on the basic principles and use of analytical flaw assessment. It provides an introduction to the method, its background, how it can be applied, its potential and, importantly, its limitations. The explanations are complimented by using a large number of worked examples and validation exercises which illustrate all aspects of the procedure. In addition, for students and engineers who are new to the subject, a comprehensive glossary of basic terms used in fracture mechanics based integrity evaluations is included.

The topics addressed include:

- Crack driving force (CDF) and failure assessment diagram (FAD) type analyses
- Preparation of the input parameters (crack dimensions, stress-strain properties, fracture toughness, statistical aspects)
- Determination of the model parameters, (stress intensity factor and yield load solutions)
- Treatment of combined primary and secondary loading, together with residual stress effects
- Analysis of the effect of constraint effects (treatment of small defects and section size effects)
- Treatment of mixed mode loading
- Consideration of the influences of strength mismatch
- Reliability aspects

· Comprehensive description of the use of structural integrity methods to optimise cost effectiveness and safety
· Detailed description of how to evaluate the integrity of structures containing cracks
· Valuable background information for understanding the methods, their potential and limitations
· Large number of worked examples, which demonstrate all aspects of the methods
· Descriptive, readable writing style
· Applicable to a wide range of interests, from the student (university or self study) to the expert who requires a 'state of the art' document