Forensic Neuropathology: A Practical Review of the Fundamentals
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Table of contents
- Copyright pageiv
- Table of contentsvii
- Prefaceix
- Forewordxi
- Acknowledgmentsxiii
- Chapter 1: The Forensic Neuropathology Autopsy, I: Selected Gross and Microscopic Examination Consid1
- Introduction1
- Decomposed Cases1
- The Routine Forensic Neuropathology Autopsy1
- Legal Issues, Including Potential Errors in the Performance of the Forensic Neuropathology Consultat7
- Topographic Approach to Neuropathology8
- Sudden Unexpected Death in Infants and Children Due to Natural Causes, and the Suspected Sudden Infa8
- Time Since Death9
- Craniocerebral Relationships10
- Meninges10
- Brainstem12
- Spinal Cord13
- Neck Dissection15
- Discoloration of Skull, Meninges, and Brain15
- Selected Artifacts17
- Effect of Formalin Fixation on CNS Tissue22
- Pineal Gland22
- References23
- Chapter 2: The Forensic Neuropathology Autopsy, II: Developmental Considerations27
- Introduction27
- Large and Small Heads; Large and Small Brains27
- Hydrocephalus28
- Fontanel Size29
- Central Nervous System Development: Selected Aspects29
- References45
- Chapter 3: Dating/Aging of Common Lesions in Neuropathology49
- Introduction49
- Scalp Injuries52
- Skull Fracture54
- Mineralization in Central Nervous System Lesions58
- Heterotopic Ossification Following Central Nervous System Injury60
- Epidural Hematoma62
- Subdural Hematoma63
- Subarachnoid Hemorrhage67
- Observations on Postmortem Cerebrospinal Fluid Examination70
- Brain Contusions72
- Axonal Spheroids, Diffuse Axonal Injury, and b-APP74
- Traumatic Axonal Injury77
- Puncture Wounds in the Brain79
- Intracerebral Hemorrhage81
- Spinal Cord Traumatic Lesions82
- Schwannosis84
- Spinal Shock84
- Spinal Concussion87
- Adult Cerebral Infarction88
- Generalized Brain Hypoxic-Ischemic Injury91
- Spinal Cord Infarction92
- Brain Death and Respirator Brain92
- Cerebrospinal Fluid Cytology in Stroke98
- Malignant Cerebral Edema99
- Wallerian Degeneration100
- Peripheral Nerve Regeneration103
- Transneuronal Degeneration104
- Astrocyte Terminology107
- Blood Cells in Central Nervous System Lesions108
- Do Reactive Cell Changes of Immature Versus Mature Brain Differ?109
- Denervation of Muscle112
- Muscle Reinnervation114
- References114
- Chapter 4: Neuropathology of Pregnancy and Delivery: Mother and Child123
- Introduction123
- The Pregnant Woman124
- Stillborn Infants129
- Labor and Delivery130
- The Newborn Infant135
- References146
- Chapter 5: Malformations and Other Congenital Central Nervous System Lesions151
- References165
- Chapter 6: Blunt Force Head Injury167
- Introduction167
- Scalp Abrasion, Contusion, and Laceration167
- Subcutaneous Scalp and Subgaleal Hemorrhages168
- Skull Fractures168
- Epidural Hematoma169
- Subdural Hematomas170
- Subarachnoid Hemorrhage174
- Brain Contusions, Lacerations, and Hematomas177
- Diffuse Axonal Injury183
- Brainstem Avulsion190
- Ventricular Hemorrhage191
- Traumatic Cranial Neuropathies191
- Locked-in Syndrome192
- Boxing and Other Sports192
- Consequences of Head Injury195
- References197
- Chapter 7: The Suspected Child Abuse Case199
- Introduction199
- Preliminary Comments199
- Information Sources203
- Tadd Syndrome204
- Tin Ear Syndrome204
- How Unique Is the Mechanism of Head Injury in Your Case?204
- Terson’s Syndrome204
- Shaken Adult Syndrome205
- Crush Injuries to the Head205
- Subdural Hemorrhage in Childhood205
- Folk Remedies and Customs205
- Spinal Injury in Child Abuse206
- Retinal Hemorrhage206
- References208
- Chapter 8: Injuries Due to Firearms and Other Missile-Launching Devices211
- Introduction211
- Information Resources211
- Wound Ballistic Issues212
- Head Wounds213
- Skull Wounds213
- Tangential Skull Wounds215
- Entrance and Exit Wounds of the Skull215
- Internal Ricochet216
- Brain Wound Characteristics216
- Backspatter220
- DisappearingŽ Bullets220
- Intermediate Targets222
- Bullet Migration in Bodies223
- Suicidal versus Homicidal Gunshot Wounds to the Head226
- Tandem Bullets227
- Prognostic Factors in Craniocerebral Gunshot Wounds227
- Centerfire Rifle Wounds228
- Shotgun Wounds228
- Potential Complications of Craniospinal Gunshot Wounds229
- Complications of Retained Bullets and Other Missiles Related to Bullet Composition230
- Injury to Death Interval231
- Speed of Incapacitation Issues in Gunshot Wounds232
- Reaction/Response Time Issues237
- Unusual Missile-Launching Devices and Ammunition239
- Firearm Wound Imitators243
- Bullet/Shrapnel Trace Evidence243
- Radiology of Gunshot Wounds244
- Gunshot Wound Autopsy Protocols246
- References248
- Chapter 9: Sudden Unexpected Death255
- Introduction255
- Acute Subarachnoid Hemorrhage256
- Epilepsy262
- Cysticercosis265
- Acute Intracerebral Hemorrhage268
- Vascular Malformation271
- Meningitis274
- Hydrocephalus275
- Tumors277
- Multiple Sclerosis281
- Reye’s Syndrome281
- Reflexes and Sudden Unexpected Death281
- References284
- Chapter 10: Responses of the Central Nervous System to Acute Hypoxic-Ischemic Injury and Related Con289
- Introduction289
- Clinical Features289
- Selective Vulnerability of the Central Nervous System to Hypoxic-Ischemic Injury: Cellular Aspects291
- Unusual Patterns of Central Nervous System Injury in Which a Component of Hypoxic-Ischemic Injury Ap293
- Heat Stroke295
- Epilepsy297
- Asphyxia297
- Hypoglycemia297
- Red Neurons, Dark Neurons, and the Category of Im Not Sure How to Interpret These NeuronsŽ298
- References304
- Chapter 11: Vascular Diseases of the Central Nervous System307
- Introduction307
- Cerebral Thrombosis307
- Cerebral Embolism311
- Cerebral Hemorrhage311
- Secondary Changes of Cerebral Infarction316
- Dural Sinus Thrombosis317
- Cerebral Vascular Malformations317
- Ruptured Cerebral Aneurysms323
- Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy327
- Drug Abuse-Related Cardiovascular Disease331
- States of Altered Consciousness and Their Anatomic Substrates331
- References333
- Chapter 12: Infections of the Central Nervous System335
- Introduction335
- Perinatal Infections335
- Bacterial Infections: Spread from Pericranial Primary Foci336
- Epidural Abscess336
- Subdural Empyema336
- Meningitis337
- Brain Abscess339
- Rickettsial Infections339
- Chronic Bacterial Infections341
- Fungal Infections342
- Viral Infections345
- Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies (Prion Diseases)351
- Parasitic Infections353
- Biologic Terrorism355
- References355
- Chapter 13: Brain Tumors359
- Introduction359
- Astrocytic Tumors359
- Oligodendroglioma370
- Ependymoma370
- Medulloblastoma374
- Ganglioglioma375
- Mixed Gliomas377
- Meningioma377
- Schwannomas382
- Tumors of Maldevelopment383
- Chordoma386
- Arachnoid Cyst387
- Lipoma388
- Pituitary Tumors388
- Metastatic Neoplasms390
- Primary Malignant Lymphomas391
- Extramural Metastasis393
- Causes of Brain Tumor393
- References393
- Chapter 14: Neurodegenerative Disorders395
- Introduction395
- Alzheimer’s Disease395
- Pick’s Disease400
- Diffuse Lewy Body Disease402
- Parkinson’s Disease402
- Huntington’s Disease404
- Progressive Supranuclear Palsy405
- Multiple System Atrophy405
- Friedreich’s Ataxia408
- Motor Neuron Disease409
- References410
- Chapter 15: Demyelinating Disorders413
- Multiple Sclerosis413
- Leukodystrophy418
- References421
- Chapter 16: Periprocedural Complications423
- Introduction423
- Definitions423
- Categorization of the Problem424
- Mechanisms of Injury424
- Foreign Materials433
- Surgical Instruments, Hardware, and Ablative Procedures433
- Mechanical Forces436
- Challenges for the Forensic Pathologist438
- Determination of Mode438
- Final Comment439
- References439
- Chapter 17: Miscellaneous Topics443
- Introduction443
- Forensic Neuroradiology443
- Neuropathologic Consequences of Contemporary Judicial Executions444
- Sharp Force Injury445
- Forensic Anthropology448
- Toxicology451
- Neuropathologic Complications of Systemic Diseases452
- References460
- Appendix A: Case Sources for Neuropathology Consultation465
- Appendix B: The Glasgow Coma Scale466
- References466
- Appendix C: The Apgar Score467
- References467
- Appendix D: Intracranial Pressure Monitoring468
- References468
- Appendix E: Legal Testimony469
- Suggested Additional Readings469
- Index471
Forensic Neuropathology provides superior visual examples of the more commonly encountered conditions in forensic neuropathology and answers questions that arise regarding neuropathological findings. The work includes values for frequently-encountered clinical assessments, and contains a more comprehensive summary of aging/dating of various neuropathological processes than is available in any other single current source. General pathology residents, forensic pathology and neuropathology fellows, and general pathologists and clinicians involved in referred cases will find this book extremely useful, as will individuals in allied fields such as law enforcement officers and attorneys.
Forensic Neuropathology aims to: (1) provide a concise summary of practical information frequently needed in forensic neuropathology cases; (2) include selected material previously known but perhaps not significantly emphasized in current literature; and (3) where possible, to suggest aging/dating parameters for certain neuropathological findings relevant to forensic neuropathology testimony. As a selective reference, the volume emphasizes practical issues and focuses on the most commonly encountered issues among neuropathology and medical examiner professionals.
* Over 800 high-quality full-color photographs, gross and microscopic as well as illustrative line drawings
* Use of actual cases, briefly summarized and illustrated to emphasize key principles
* Focuses on the most-commonly encountered cases as relate to forensic incident and covers these aspects in depth and detail
Forensic Neuropathology aims to: (1) provide a concise summary of practical information frequently needed in forensic neuropathology cases; (2) include selected material previously known but perhaps not significantly emphasized in current literature; and (3) where possible, to suggest aging/dating parameters for certain neuropathological findings relevant to forensic neuropathology testimony. As a selective reference, the volume emphasizes practical issues and focuses on the most commonly encountered issues among neuropathology and medical examiner professionals.
* Over 800 high-quality full-color photographs, gross and microscopic as well as illustrative line drawings
* Use of actual cases, briefly summarized and illustrated to emphasize key principles
* Focuses on the most-commonly encountered cases as relate to forensic incident and covers these aspects in depth and detail