Elsevier S & T

Functional Neurobiology of Aging

Hof, Patrick R.; Mobbs, Charles V.

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Table of contents

Contentsv
Contributorsxxi
Forewordxxv
Prefacexxvii
SECTION I: Overview1
A. Introduction to Concepts in Aging Research3
Chapter 1. Age-Specific Rates of Neurological Disease3
I. Introduction3
II. Age-Specific Rates3
III. Age-Specific Rates of Neurological Disease3
IV. Age-Specific Rates and Mortality Dynamics4
V. Commentary9
References10
Chapter 2. Nature versus Nurture in the Aging Brain13
I. Introduction13
II. Genotype, Environment, and General Health14
III. Motor Systems14
IV. Cognitive Function16
V. Genotype Influences Cumulative Effect of Environment17
VI. Summary17
References18
Chapter 3. Neurochemistry of Receptor Dynamics in the Aging Brain21
I. Introduction21
II. Receptor Density and Function21
III. Receptor Turnover23
IV. Receptor/Effector Coupling Processes24
V. Neuromodulatory Regulation of Receptors24
VI. Future Directions25
References25
B. Epidemiology of Neural Aging31
Chapter 4. Demography and Epidemiology of Age-Associated Neuronal Impairment31
I. Introduction31
II. Stroke32
III. The Dementias: Age-Associated Cognitive Impairment35
IV. Age-Associated Sensory-Motor Impairments39
V. Conclusion46
References46
SECTION II: Memory: Neocortical and Hippocampal Functions51
A. Neuropsychology of Human Aging53
Chapter 5. Memory Changes with Aging and Dementia53
I. The Concept of Different Memory Functions53
II. Aging and Cognition53
III. Primary and Secondary Memory53
IV. Implicit and Explicit Memory55
V. Episodic and Semantic Memory55
VI. Declarative versus Procedural Memory55
VII. Other Age-Related Changes in Cognition56
VIII. Cognitive Changes in Dementia57
Refrence61
B. Histology of Age-Related Cortical Changes in Humans65
Chapter 6 . Types of Age-Related Brain Lesions and Relationship to Neuropathologic Diagnostic System65
I. Introduction65
II. Histopathological Changes65
III. Neuropathological Diagnosis of Alzheimer’s Disease70
References73
Chapter 7. Morphological Changes in Human Cerebral Cortex during Normal Aging77
I. Histopathological Changes in Cerebral Cortex in Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) and Aging77
II. Neuronal Loss in Normal Aging and AD78
III. Dynamic Neuronal Changes during Aging and AD80
IV. Neuronal Loss and Early Markers of Neuronal Degeneration80
V. Synapse Loss81
VI. Conclusion82
References82
Chapter 8. Longevity and Brain Aging: The Paradigm of Centenarians85
I. Introduction85
II. Epidemiological Data85
III. Dementia in the Oldest-Old86
IV. Neuropathological Changes in the Oldest-Old: Relationship to AD86
V. Patterns of Neuronal Loss in the Centenarian Brain88
VI. Conclusions90
References91
C. Alzheimer’s Disease95
Chapter 9. Regional and Laminar Patterns of Selective Neuronal Vulnerability in Alzheimer’s Diseas95
I. Lesion Types and Distribution in Alzheimer’s Disease95
II. Alzheimer’s Disease Affects Specific Elements of Cortical Circuits97
III. Morphologic and Molecular Correlates of Neuronal Vulnerability100
IV. Factors Conferring Resistance to the Degenerative Process103
V. A Synthetic Neuronal Phenotype of Vulnerability and Resistance105
References106
Chapter 10. Patterns of Cortical Neurodegeneration in Alzheimer’s Disease: Subgroups, Subtypes, an111
I. Introduction111
II. Neurofibrillary Degeneration, Clinical Symptoms, and Neurodegeneration112
III. Linear Model of Neurodegeneration: Temporal Cortex112
IV. Neurodegeneration and NFT in Temporal Cortex113
V. Posterior Cingulate Cortex: Functions and Contributions to AD Symptoms115
VI. Linear Model of Neurodegeneration in Posterior Cingulate Cortex116
VII. Multivariate Models of Cognitive Function: Clinical Subgroups117
VIII. Clinicopathological Subgroups118
IX. The Subtypes Hypothesis118
X. Multivariate Analysis of Neuron Losses and the Concept of Neuropathological Subtypes119
XI. NFT Are Weakly Related to Neurodegeneration120
XII. Early Changes in Posterior Cingulate Cortex121
XIII. Amyloid Peptides and Neurodegeneration123
XIV. Early Dysexecutive Syndrome and Frontotemporal Neurodegeneration123
XV. Free Radical Damage and Neurodegeneration in the Absence of NFT124
XVI. Theories of Staging in the Context of Subgroups and Subtypes124
XVII. The Model Matters126
References127
D. Non-Alzheimer Age-Associated Dementing Disorders131
Chapter 11. Vascular Dementia131
I. Dementia of Vascular Origin: An Evolving Concept131
II. Epidemiology131
III. Neuropsychological Profile of VaD133
IV. Clinical Criteria134
V. Neuroimaging137
VI. Treatment Strategies in Vascular Dementia137
VII. Conclusion138
References138
Chapter 12. Frontotemporal Dementias: From Classification Problems to Pathogenetic Uncertainties145
I. Diagnosis of FTD: Epidemiological and Clinical Considerations145
II. Morphological Basis of FTD146
III. Conclusions151
Chapter 13. Progressive Supranuclear Palsy and Corticobasal Degeneration155
I. Introduction155
II. Clinical Features156
III. Neuropathology157
IV. Tau Biochemistry165
V. Genetics166
References167
Chapter 14. Neurobiology of Disorders with Lewy Bodies173
I. Introduction173
II. Nosology of Disorders with Lewy Bodies174
III. Neuropathology of Disorders with Lewy Bodies175
IV. Contribution of Alzheimer’s Pathology to Disorders with Lewy Bodies176
V. a-Synuclein in Lewy Body Disease177
VI. a-Synuclein as a Genetic Risk Factor for Parkinson’s Disease177
VII. Modulators of a-Synuclein Aggregation in Lewy Body Disease178
References179
Chapter 15. Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis/ Parkinsonism-Dementia Complex of Guam183
I. Introduction183
II. Clinical Features184
III. Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis of Guam (or the Marianas Form of ALS)185
IV. Parkinsonism-Dementia Complex of Guam185
V. Marianas Dementia185
VI. Neuropathologic Features185
VII. Microscopic Features186
VIII. b-Amyloid Accumulation in ALS/ Parkinsonism-Dementia Complex of Guam189
IX. Hirano Bodies (Eosinophilic Rod-like Inclusions)189
X. Granulovacuolar Degeneration190
XI. Other Features190
XII. Neuropathologic Studies of Neurologically Intact Guamanian Chamorros191
XIII. Epidemiology192
XIV. Overlap between ALS and Parkinsonism-Dementia Complex of Guam: One Disorder or Two?193
XV. Other Foci of ALS/Parkinsonism- Dementia Complex194
XVI. Etiologic Concepts195
XVII. Genetic Factors195
XVIII. Migration Studies of Chamorros196
XIX. Environmental Agents196
XX. Cycad197
XXI. Toxic Metals197
XXII. General Comments198
References199
E. In Vivo Imaging of Aging Brain203
Chapter 16. Brain Energy Metabolism: Cellular Aspects and Relevance to Functional Brain Imaging203
I. Energy Metabolism and Blood Flow203
II. Coupling and Functional Imaging204
III. Cellular Mechanism of Brain Energy Metabolism204
IV. Relevance to Functional Brain Imaging206
V. Brain Energy Metabolism and Aging206
References207
Chapter 17. Functional Imaging in Cognitively Intact Aged People211
I. Introduction211
II. Cognitive Changes and Spared Functions in Healthy Elderly211
III. Brain Areas Involved in Cognition in Young Adults213
IV. Age-Related Differences in Brain Activation during Nonmemory Tasks215
V. Age-Related Differences in Brain Activation during Memory Tasks216
VI. Common Age-Related Differences in Brain Activation across Studies219
VII. Conclusions and Future Directions222
References222
Chapter 18. Functional Brain Studies of the Neurometabolic Bases of Cognitive and Behavioral Changes227
I. Introduction227
II. Metabolic Correlates of Neural Activity in the Brain227
III. Cerebral Glucose Metabolism and Blood- Flow Studies in Alzheimer’s Disease228
References239
F. Biochemical Correlates of Memory Impairments243
Chapter 19. Cholinergic Basal Forebrain Systems in the Primate Central Nervous System: Anatomy, Conn243
I. Introduction243
II. Embryogenesis of Magnocellular Basal Forebrain244
III. Embryogenesis of the Cholinergic Basal Forebrain in Monkey244
IV. Embryogenesis of the Cholinergic Basal Forebrain in Humans245
V. Anatomy of Adult Cholinergic Basal Forebrain Subgroups246
VI. Anatomy of Thalamic and Brain Stem Cholinergic Subgroups248
VII. Other Cholinergic Regions249
VIII. Neurotrophin Receptor Expression and Cholinergic Basal Forebrain Neurons250
IX. m2 Muscarinic Acetylcholine Receptor Neurons within the Primate Cholinergic Basal Forebrain254
X. Relationship of Noncholinergic to ChAT-Containing Neurons within the Primate Cholinergic Basal Fo256
XI. Trajectory of Cholinergic Basal Forebrain Fiber Systems in Primates261
XII. Connectivity of the Primate Cholinergic Basal Forebrain262
XIII. Pathology of Cholinergic Systems in Aging and Alzheimer’s Disease264
XIV. Apolipoprotein E Genetics and Cholinergic Basal Forebrain Degeneration269
XV. Cytoskeletal Abnormalities within the Cholinergic Basal Forebrain in AD269
XVI. NGF and the Cholinergic Basal Forebrain in Alzheimer’s Disease269
XVII. Cholinergic Basal Forebrain and Experimental Therapeutics270
XVIII. Estrogen as a Treatment for Cholinergic Basal Forebrain Changes in Aging and Alzheimer’s Di276
References276
Chapter 20. Glutamate Receptors in Aging and Alzheimer’s Disease283
I. Introduction283
II. Overview of the Glutamate Receptors284
III. Glutamate Receptors in the Aging Rodent Brain285
IV. Glutamate Receptors in Alzheimer’s Disease295
V. Current Topics of Glutamate Toxicity in Alzheimer’s Disease305
VI. Summary308
References309
Chapter 21. Tau Phosphorylation315
I. Introduction315
II. Tau Proteins315
III. Tau Phosphorylation and Pathology318
IV. Abnormal Tau Phosphorylation as a Biochemical Marker322
V. Factors That Modulate Tau Phosphorylation326
VI. Tau Phosphorylation as Peripheral Marker327
VII. Concluding Remarks327
References327
G. Hereditary Basis of Alzheimer’s Disease and Related Dementias333
Chapter 22. Etiology, Genetics, and Pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s Disease333
I. Amyloid Hypothesis333
II. Genetic Contributions to the Etiology of AD334
III. Pathogenesis338
IV. Therapeutic Strategies341
V. Summary341
References341
H. Nonhereditary Mechanisms of Alzheimer’s Disease349
Chapter 23. Inflammation, Free Radicals, Glycation, Metabolism and Apoptosis, and Heavy Metals349
I. Roles of Cytokines and Inflammation in Alzheimer’s Disease349
II. Free Radicals and the Pathogenesis of AD352
III. Glycation in Aging and AD355
IV. Signaling and Apoptosis in AD357
V. Metals and Pathophysiology of AD361
References365
I. Rodent Models of Age-Related Memory Impairments373
Chapter 24. Rodent Models of Age-Related Memory Impairments373
I. Introduction373
II. Classical Conditioning374
III. Operant Conditioning375
IV. Instrumental Conditioning376
V. Conclusions and Caveats382
References382
Chapter 25. Genetically Engineered Models of Human Age-Related Neurogenerative Diseases387
I. Introduction387
II. Alzheimer’s Disease388
III. Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis396
IV. Conclusion399
V. Addendum399
References400
J. Nonhuman Primate and Other Vertebrate Models of Brain Aging407
Chapter 26. Cognitive Aging in Nonhuman Primates407
I. Introduction407
II. Visual Recognition Memory408
III. Spatial Memory410
IV. Stimulus-Reward Associative Learning412
V. Relational Memory413
VI. Attention and Executive Function415
VII. Integration/conclusions about Neuropsychological Profile of Aged Nonhuman Primates415
References417
Chapter 27. Brain Aging in Strepsirhine Primates421
I. Introduction421
II. Cognitive Function during Aging in Mouse Lemurs421
III. Age-Related Cerebral Atrophy and Neuronal Alterations in Mouse Lemurs425
IV. Amyloid Deposits, Amyloid Angiopathy, and Cytoskeletal Alterations425
V. Neurochemical Alterations427
VI. Iron Accumulation427
VII. Lipofuscin: Another Marker of Aging Unrelated to Iron Deposits428
VIII. Manipulation of Aging: Changes in Photoperiodic Cycle430
IX. Summary and Conclusions430
References430
Chapter 28. Age-Related Morphologic Alterations in the Brain of Old World and New World Anthropoid M435
I. Introduction435
II. Age-Associated Deposition of Amyloid in the Monkey Brain436
III. Neurofibrillary Changes in Old Monkeys438
IV. Age-Related Ultrastructural Alterations in the Macaque Monkey Cerebral Cortex438
V. Neuron and Synapse Numbers in the Central Nervous System of Old Macaque Monkeys439
VI. Neuronal Alterations and Loss in Subcortical Systems in Aged Macaque Monkeys441
VII. Age-Related Cognitive Deficits in Monkeys Involve subtle Morphological and Molecular Changes441
References443
Chapter 29. The Study of Brain Aging in Great Apes447
I. The Great Apes447
II. Brain Evolution448
III. History448
IV. Communication449
V. Tool Use and Culture450
VI. Self-Awareness450
VII. Maps, Math, and Models450
VIII. Nervous System and Aging451
IX. Entorhinal Cortex451
X. Senile Plaques and Neurofibrillary Tangles451
XI. Unique Neurons in Anterior Cingulate Cortex452
XII. The Future of Ape Research452
References453
Chapter 30. Neurobiological Models of Aging in the Dog and Other Vertebrate Species457
I. Introduction457
II. Cognitive Function and Aging in the Dog 457457
III. Neuropathology in Aging Dogs460
IV. Functional Neurobiology of Aging in the Dog463
V. Aging Cats: Behavior and Neuropathology463
VI . Neuropathology of Aging Sheep, Goats, Bears, Wolverines, Camels, and Birds464
VII. Summary464
References465
K. Interventions469
Chapter 31 . Estrogens and Alzheimer’s Disease469
I. Introduction469
II. Estrogen Effects on Cognition and AD469
III. Clinical Trials of Estrogen Treatment470
IV. Summary471
References471
Chapter 32. Cholinergic Treatments of Alzheimer’s Disease475
I. Introduction475
II. Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors475
III. Cholinergic Agonists479
IV. Cholinergic Agonists with Nicotinic Affinity481
V. Summary481
References481
Chapter 33. Anti-inflammatory and Antioxidant Therapies in Alzheimer’s Disease487
I. Introduction487
II. The Inflammatory Hypothesis of AD487
III. Cyclooxygenase and Brain Inflammation488
IV. Oxidative Stress and AD488
V. Specific Interventions489
VI. Conclusion490
References490
SECTION III: Senses: Sensory Cortices and Primary Afferent Functions493
A. Vision495
Chapter 34. The Retina in Aging and in Alzheimer’s Disease495
I. Changes in the Retina495
II. Summary496
References496
Chapter 35. Pathogenesis of Glaucomatous Optic Neuropathy499
I. Introduction499
II. The Optic Nerve Head as the Site of Glaucomatous Damage500
III. Mechanisms of Optic Nerve Damage506
IV. Experimental Studies Relevant to Glaucomatous Optic Neuropathy507
V. Retinal Ganglion Cell Degeneration in Glaucoma509
References510
Chapter 36. Color Vision, Object Recognition, and Spatial Localization in Aging and Alzheimer’s Di517
I. Introduction517
II. Color Discrimination518
III. Object Discrimination and Recognition520
IV. Spatial Localization522
V. Comparison of Object and Spatial Function524
VI. Clinical Relevance of Impaired Vision and Visual Cognition525
References526
B. Hearing531
Chapter 37. Anatomical and Neurochemical Bases of Presbycusis531
I. Introduction531
II. Inner Ear531
III. Central Auditory System: Peripherally Induced Changes538
IV. Central Auditory System: Aging Brain541
V. Overview and Future Directions545
References545
Chapter 38. Age, Noise, and Ototoxic Agents549
I. Introduction549
II. The Cochlea and Cochlear Presbycusis549
III. Age-Related Hearing Loss555
IV. Acoustic Trauma and Age-Related Hearing Loss555
V. Ototoxicity and Aging558
VI. Summary560
References560
Chapter 39. Auditory Temporal Processing during Aging565
I. Themes and Specific Aims of Presbycusis Research Program565
II. Neurobiology of Temporal Processing: Human Subjects565
III. Neurobiology of Temporal Processing: Animal Models571
IV. Summary and Future Directions577
References578
Chapter 40. Neurophysiological Manifestations of Aging in the Peripheral and Central Auditory Nervou581
I. Introduction581
II. Animal Models of Presbycusis581
III. Single Neuron Studies582
IV. Effects of Aging on Auditory Evoked Potentials588
V. Conclusions593
References594
Chapter 41. Genetics and Age-Related Hearing Loss597
I. Introduction597
II. Genetic Mutations and Disease597
III. Classification of Genetic Hearing Impairment597
IV. Mapping and Sequencing Genes598
V. Clues for Presbycusis Genes598
VI. Interactions between Genetic Background and Environment601
VII. Looking to the Future602
VIII. Conclusions602
References602
Chapter 42. Animal Models of Presbycusis and the Aging Auditory System605
I. Introduction605
II. Research Considerations in Choosing Animal Models605
III. Methods for Evaluating the Functioning Auditory System in Animals606
IV. The Animal Models608
V. Some Topics Best Studied with Animal Models616
VI. Evaluation of the Animal Models and Relationship to Humans617
References617
Chapter 43. The Development of Animal Models for the Study of Presbycusis: Building a Behavioral Lin623
I. The Need for Animal Models of the Presbycusic Listener623
II. Evidence for Attenuation and Distortion as Sensory Bases of Presbycusis624
III. The Development of Animal Models to Study Attenuation625
IV. An Animal Model for Studying Distortion629
V. Conclusions and Thoughts for the Future632
References632
Chapter 44. Rehabilitation for Presbycusis635
I. Introduction635
II. Aural Rehabilitation in the (Near?) Future635
III. Audiologic Rehabilitation: The Need639
References644
C. Chemical Senses647
Chapter 45. Olfaction and Gustation in Normal Aging and Alzheimer’s Disease647
I. Introduction647
II. Olfactory and Gustatory System Anatomy647
III. Age-Related Alterations in Olfactory and Gustatory Function648
IV. Changes in Olfaction and Gustation in Alzheimer’s Disease652
V. Causes of Changes in Chemosensory Function in Aging and in Alzheimer’s Disease652
VI . Summary and Conclusions655
References655
SECTION IV: Locomotion: Basal Ganglia and Muscular Functions659
A. Functional Impairments in Humans661
Chapter 46. Aging Effects on Muscle Properties and Human Performance661
I. Introduction661
II. Strength Changes with Age661
III. Endurance Performance and Age666
IV. Conclusions670
References671
Chapter 47. Parkinson’s Disease: Symptoms and Age Dependency675
I. Epidemiology of Parkinson’s Disease675
II. Symptoms676
III. Pathologic Findings678
IV. Other Movement Disorders in Elderly Patients679
V. Changes in Gait with Normal Aging682
VI. Subclassification of Parkinson’s Disease683
VII. Brain Metabolism in Aging and Parkinson’s Disease684
References685
B. Pathology and Biochemistry of Aging and Disease of Basal Ganglia689
Chapter 48. The Basal Ganglia Dopaminergic Systems in Normal Aging and Parkinson’s Disease689
I. Overview689
II. Organization of the Presynaptic Dopaminergic System and Striatal Territories690
III. Aging and the Presynaptic Dopaminergic System691
IV. Striatal Circuits and Dopamine Receptors694
V. Dopamine Receptor Contributions to Parkinsonism696
VI. Conclusions701
References702
Chapter 49. Huntington’s Disease711
I. Introduction711
II. Neuropathological Features and Motor Dysfunction in Huntington’s Disease711
III. Mutant Huntingtin Protein in Huntington’s Disease712
IV. Huntingtin Aggregates: Toxic, Protective, or Inert?714
V. Putative Mechanisms of Cell Death715
VI . State of the Art Approaches: Animal Models Provide Insights into Disease Etiology717
VII. Conclusions721
References721
C. Animal Models727
Chapter 50. Biochemical and Anatomical Changes - in Basal Ganglia of Aging Animals727
I. Introduction727
II. Morphological Changes728
III. Functional Changes730
IV. Conclusions733
References733
SECTION V: Homeostasis: Hypothalamus and Related Systems737
A. Reproduction and the Aging Brain739
Chapter 51. Male Sexual Behavior during Aging739
I. Introduction739
II. Normal Physiology of Sexual Function740
III. Erectile Dysfunction and Aging742
IV. Libido and Aging744
V. Alterations in Emission, Ejaculation, and Orgasm with Aging745
VI. Summary745
References745
Chapter 52. Sexual Behavior in Aging Women749
I. Introduction749
II. Methodological Issues749
III. Sexual Functioning750
IV. Hot Flashes753
V. Mood754
VI. Conclusions757
References758
Chapter 53. Factors Influencing the Onset of Female Reproductive Senescence761
I. Introduction761
II. Female Rodents as a Model of Reproductive Aging761
III. Factors Influencing the Onset of Reproductive Senescence in Rodents764
IV. Conclusions766
References766
Chapter 54. Female Sexuality during Aging769
I. Sexuality Research with Age as the Major Variable769
II. Sexuality Research with Menopause as the Major Variable771
III. Research on Hormone Replacement Therapy and Sexuality773
IV. Summary and Conclusions777
References777
Chapter 55. Hypothalamic Neuropeptide Gene Expression in Postmenopausal Women781
I. Introduction781
II. Control of the Reproductive Cycle through Reciprocal Interactions between Ovarian Secretions, Pi781
III. The Perimenopausal Period Is Characterized by an Accelerated Loss of Ovarian Follicles and a Se782
IV. The Postmenopausal State Is Characterized by Profound Estrogen Deficiency and Gonadotropin Hyper783
V. Anatomy of GnRH Neurons in the Primate Hypothalamus and Basal Forebrain783
VI. Gene Expression Is Increased in a Subpopulation of GnRH Neurons in the Medial Basal Hypothalamus784
VII. Postmenopausal Hypertrophy of Neurons Expressing Estrogen Receptor mRNA in the Human Infundibul785
VIII. Hypertrophy and Increased Gene Expression of Neurons Expressing Substance P, Neurokinin B, and785
IX. Long-Term Gonadectomy Results in Increased Neurokinin B Gene Expression in the Arcuate Nucleus o787
X. Opioid Peptides Provide an Inhibitory Influence on the Regulation of Gonadotropin Secretion in th787
XI. Menopause Is Associated with a Decline in the Number of Neurons Expressing Proopiomelanocortin m788
XII. Effects of Hormone Replacement Therapy on Hypothalamic Neuropeptide Gene Expression in a Primat788
XIII. Summary789
References790
Chapter 56. Neuroendocrine Aspects of Female Reproductive Aging795
I. Introduction795
II. Changes in the Pattern of Gonadotropin Secretion Occur during Middle Age796
III. Age-Related Changes in GnRH Neurons797
IV. Age-Related Changes in Afferent Inputs to GnRH Neurons798
V. Summary801
References802
Chapter 57. Hypothalamic Changes Relevant to Reproduction in Aging Male Rodents807
I. Introduction807
II. The GnRH Neuronal System809
III. Modulation of GnRH Neuronal Activity by Other Neurotransmitters and Neuropeptides815
IV. Experimental Approaches to ReversalŽ of Age-Related Hypothalamic Reproductive Dysfunction821
V. Conclusion823
References823
B. Metabolism and the Aging Brain829
Chapter 58. Regulation of Energy Intake in Old Age829
I. Introduction829
II. Biobehavioral and Social Determinants of Energy Regulation in Older Adults829
III. Impaired Regulation of Food Intake in Older Adults832
IV. Mechanisms Underlying the Decreased Ability to Regulate Food Intake in Old Age833
V. Summary835
References835
Chapter 59. Thermoregulation during Aging839
I. Introduction839
II. Thermoregulation in Elderly Humans839
III. Cold-Induced Thermoregulatory Responses in Laboratory Rodents843
IV. Senescence and Thermoregulation in Rats850
V. Conclusions and Future Directions851
References852
C. Biological Rhythms and the Aging Brain855
Chapter 60. Sleep and Hormonal Rhythms in Humans855
I. Mechanisms Subserving Sleep and Hormonal Rhythms855
II. Sleep856
III. Hormones Primarily Controlled by Sleep-Wake Homeostasis: Prolactin and Growth Hormone857
IV. Thyrotropin: A Hormone Controlled by Both Sleep-Wake Homeostasis and Circadian Timing861
V. Hormones Primarily Controlled by the Circadian Clock862
VI. Conclusion865
References865
Chapter 61. Circadian Rhythms and Sleep in Aging Rodents869
I. General Introduction869
II. Effects of Aging on Circadian Rhythmicity870
III. Effects of Aging on Sleep875
References879
D. Glucocorticoid Secretion and the Aging Brain883
Chapter 62. Glucocorticoids and the Aging Brain: Cause or Consequence?883
I. Introduction883
II. Normal Physiology884
III. Aging886
IV. Corticosteroid Exposure and Hippocampal Damage891
V. Concluding Remarks896
References896
Chapter 63. Growth Hormone, Insulin-like Growth Factor-1, and the Aging Brain907
I. Introduction907
II. Overview907
III. Growth Hormone, Insulin-like Growth Factor-1, and Aging909
IV. Memory and Age912
V. Cerebrovasculature and Age913
VI. Neuronal Structure, Neurotransmission, and Age915
VII. Conclusions918
References919
E. Autonomic Nervous System and the Aging Brain929
Chapter 64. The Aged Sympathetic Nervous System929
I. Basal Sympathetic Activity in Human Aging929
II. Sympathetic Dysregulation in the Older Subject930
III. Mechanisms of Cellular Aging in Sympathetic Neurons931
References937
Appendix. Basic Genetic Concepts941
I. Chromosomes and Genes941
II. DNA and RNA Are Long Chains of Nucleotides941
III. Each Gene Codes for a Specific Polypeptide941
IV. Proteins Are the End Product of Gene Expression942
V. Gene Mutations Can Take Many Forms944
VI. Mitochondria945
References946
Index947

Book details

Vendor Elsevier S & T
SKU 9780123518309
ISBN-13 9780080525587
Author Hof, Patrick R.; Mobbs, Charles V.
Category Medical
Subject Neuroscience

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Some well-known age-related neurological diseases include Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, deafness, and blindness. Even more common are the problems of aging which are not due to disease but to more subtle impairments in neurobiological systems, including impairments in vision, memory loss, muscle weakening, and loss of reproductive functions, changes in body weight, and sleeplessness. As the average age of our society increases, diseases of aging continue to become more common, and conditions associated with aging need more attention by doctors and researchers. In 1991, patients over the age of 65 saw their doctors an average of eight times per year. Research funding is provided by the Neuroscience and Neuropsychology of Aging (NNA) Program, which is run by the National Institute on Aging. This book offers a comprehensive overview of all topics related to functional impairments which are related to the aging brain and nervous system. It is organized according to four general functions: movement, senses, memory, and neuroendocrine regulation. Written by the leading researchers in the field, this comprehensive work addresses both impairments associated with diseases and not associated with diseases, making it easier to understand the mechanisms involved. Functional Neurobiology of Aging is an important reference for professionals and students involved in aging research, as well as physicians who need to recognize and understand age-related impairments.

Key Features
* Organized by function, making it easy to find and understand the material
* Addresses impairments both associated with diseases and not associated with diseases
* Written by leading researchers in the field
* Most comprehensive source of information on the neurobiology of aging

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