Fundamental Neuroscience
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Table of contents
- Cover
- Full Contentsvii
- Preface to the First Editionxv
- Preface to the Second Editionxvii
- Acknowledgmentsxix
- Section I: Neuroscience1
- Chapter 1. Fundamentals of Neuroscience FLOYD E. BLOOM3
- A Brief History of Neuroscience3
- The Terminology of Nervous Systems Is Hierarchical, Distributed, Descriptive, and Historically Based3
- Neurons and Glia Are Cellular Building Blocks of the Nervous System4
- The Operative Processes of Nervous Systems Are Also Hierarchical5
- Cellular Organization of the Brain6
- Organization of This Text7
- This Book Is Intended for a Broad Range of Scholars of the Neurosciences8
- Clinical Issues in the Neurosciences8
- The Spirit of Exploration Continues8
- The Genomic Inventory Is a Giant Step Forward9
- Neuroscience Today: A Communal Endeavor9
- The Creation of Knowledge10
- Responsible Conduct11
- Summary13
- References13
- Chapter 2. The Architecture of Nervous Systems LARRY W. SWANSON15
- General Principles from an Evolutionary Perspective15
- Development of the Vertebrate Nervous System23
- Identity and Organization of Functional Systems29
- Some Basic Structural Features of the Nervous System 3232
- Summary32
- References44
- Section II: Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience47
- Chapter 3. Cellular Components of Nervous Tissue49
- The Neuron49
- Neuroglia61
- Cerebral Vasculature69
- Summary75
- References75
- Chapter 4. Subcellular Organization of the Nervous System: Organelles and Their Functions79
- Axons and Dendrites: Unique Structural Components of Neurons79
- Protein Synthesis in Nervous Tissue84
- Cytoskeletons of Neurons and Glial Cells95
- Molecular Motors in the Nervous System103
- Building and Maintaining Nervous System Cells106
- References113
- Chapter 5. Electrotonic Properties of Axons and Dendrites115
- Toward a Theory of Neuronal Information Processing115
- Basic Tools: Cable Theory and Compartmental Models116
- Spread of Steady-State Signals117
- Spread of Transient Signals122
- Electrotonic Properties Underlying Propagation in Axons124
- Electrotonic Spread in Dendrites126
- Dynamic Properties of Passive Electrotonic Structure129
- Relating Passive to Active Potentials134
- References136
- Chapter 6. Membrane Potential and Action Potential139
- Membrane Potential140
- Action Potential145
- References160
- Chapter 7. Neurotransmitters163
- Several Modes of Neuronal Communication Exist163
- Chemical Transmission164
- Classical Neurotransmitters166
- Nonclassical Neurotransmitters186
- Peptide Transmitters188
- Unconventional Transmitters191
- Synaptic Transmission in Perspective195
- References196
- Chapter 8. Release of Neurotransmitters197
- Transmitter Release Is Quantal197
- Excitation–Secretion Coupling202
- Molecular Mechanisms of the Nerve Terminal204
- Quantal Analysis: Probing Synaptic Physiology216
- Short-Term Synaptic Plasticity220
- References224
- Chapter 9. Neurotransmitter Receptors225
- Ionotropic Receptors225
- G-Protein Coupled Receptors245
- References257
- Chapter 10. Intracellular Signaling259
- Signaling through G-Protein-Linked Receptors259
- Modulation of Neuronal Function by Protein Kinases and Phosphatases274
- Intracellular Signaling Affects Nuclear Gene Expression288
- References297
- Chapter 11. Postsynaptic Potentials and Synaptic Integration299
- Ionotropic Receptors: Mediators of Fast Excitatory and Inhibitory Synaptic Potentials299
- Metabotropic Receptors: Mediators of Slow Synaptic Potentials311
- Integration of Synaptic Potentials314
- References317
- Chapter 12. Information Processing in Complex Dendrites319
- Strategies for Studying Complex Dendrites319
- An Axon Places Constraints on Dendritic Processing320
- Dendrodendritic Interactions between Axonal Cells321
- Passive Dendritic Trees Can Perform Complex Computations322
- Distal Dendrites Can Be Closely Linked to Axonal Output323
- Depolarizing and Hyperpolarizing Dendritic Conductances Interact Dynamically324
- The Axon Hillock-Initial Segment Encodes Global Output325
- Retrograde Impulse Spread into Dendrites Can Have Several Functions326
- Examples of How Voltage-Gated Channels Take Part in Dendritic Integration329
- Multiple Impulse Initiation Sites Are under Dynamic Control334
- Dendritic Spines Are Multifunctional Microintegrative Units334
- Summary: The Dendritic Tree as a Complex Information Processing System336
- References336
- Chapter 13. Brain Energy Metabolism339
- Energy Metabolism of the Brain as a Whole Organ339
- Coupling of Neuronal Activity, Blood Flow, and Energy Metabolism342
- Energy-Producing and Energy-Consuming Processes in the Brain345
- Brain Energy Metabolism at the Cellular Level349
- Glutamate and Nitrogen Metabolism: A Coordinated Shuttle between Astrocytes and Neurons356
- The Astrocyte–Neuron Metabolic Unit359
- References75
- Section III: Nervous System Development361
- Chapter 14. Neural Induction and Pattern Formation363
- Neural Induction363
- Early Neural Patterning371
- Regionalization of the Central Nervous System375
- Regionalization of the Prechordal Central Nervous System385
- Conclusions388
- References389
- Chapter 15. Neurogenesis and Migration391
- Development of the Peripheral Nervous System391
- Development of the Central Nervous System403
- References415
- Chapter 16. Cellular Determination417
- Neuronal Phenotypes and Determinants417
- Determination of Neural Progenitors419
- Speci.cation of Neural Lineages by Intrinsic Mechanisms426
- Speci.cation of Neural Fates by Extrinsic Mechanisms432
- Summary447
- References447
- Chapter 17. Growth Cones and Axon Pathfinding449
- Growth Cones Are Actively Guided449
- Guidance Cues for Developing Axons451
- Guidance Cues and the Control of Actin Polymerization456
- Guidance in Vivo: Reusing Cues for Different Purposes and Changing Responses to Cues459
- Future Directions466
- References466
- Chapter 18. Target Selection, Topographic Maps, and Synapse Formation469
- Target Selection and Map Formation469
- Development of the Neuromuscular Synapse483
- Synapse Formation in the Central Nervous System492
- References497
- Chapter 19. Programmed Cell Death and Neurotrophic Factors499
- Cell Death and the Neurotrophic Hypothesis501
- Nerve Growth Factor: The Prototype Target-Derived Neuronal Survival Factor502
- The Neurotrophin Family505
- Neurotrophin Receptors507
- Cytokines and Growth Factors in the Nervous System510
- Neurotrophic Factors Have Multiple Activities511
- TRK Receptors Are Similar to Other Growth Factor Receptors514
- Programmed Cell Death of Neurons Is Widespread in Invertebrate and Vertebrate Species517
- Modes of Cell Death in Developing Neurons518
- The Mode of Neuronal Cell Death Re.ects the Activation of Distinct Biochemical and Molecular Mechani522
- Programmed Cell Death Is Regulated by Interactions with Targets, Afferents, and Nonneuronal Cells525
- Functions of Neuronal Programmed Cell Death529
- Programmed Cell Death, Developmental Disorders, and Neurodegenerations530
- References532
- Chapter 20. Synapse Elimination533
- An Overview of Synapse Elimination533
- The Purpose of Synapse Elimination535
- A Role for Interaxonal Competition537
- Spatial Patterning of Connectivity by Synapse Elimination541
- Activity Is Required for Synapse Elimination545
- How Widespread Is Activity-Driven Synapse Elimination?549
- How Are Synaptic Connections Altered?552
- Is Synapse Elimination Strictly a Developmental Phenomenon?553
- References553
- Chapter 21. Early Experience and Critical Periods555
- Sound Localization: Calibrated by Early Experience in the Owl556
- Birdsong: Learned by Experience559
- Filial Imprinting: Babies Learn to Recognize Their Parents562
- Binocular Vision564
- Principles of Developmental Learning569
- References572
- Section IV: Sensory Systems575
- Chapter 22. Fundamentals of Sensory Systems577
- Sensation and Perception577
- Receptors578
- Peripheral Organization and Processing580
- Central Pathways and Processing584
- Sensory Cortex585
- Summary588
- References588
- Chapter 23. Sensory Transduction591
- Phototransduction591
- Olfactory Transduction601
- Taste613
- Mechanoreception620
- References629
- Chapter 24. Chemical Senses: Taste and Olfaction631
- Taste631
- Olfaction649
- References666
- Chapter 25. The Somatosensory System667
- Peripheral Mechanisms of Somatic Sensation668
- Spinal and Brain Stem Components of the Somatosensory System679
- The Thalamic Ventrobasal Complex688
- Somatosensory Areas of the Cerebral Cortex689
- References696
- Chapter 26. Audition699
- Amplitude and Frequency Ranges of Hearing699
- External and Middle Ear700
- The Cochlea701
- The Auditory Nerve705
- Descending Systems to the Periphery710
- Central Nervous System711
- References725
- Chapter 27. Vision727
- Overview727
- The Eye and the Retina729
- The Retinogeniculocortical Pathway739
- References750
- Section V: Motor Systems751
- Chapter 28. Fundamentals of Motor Systems753
- Basic Components of the Motor System755
- Motor Programs Coordinate Basic Motor Patterns756
- Roles of Different Parts of the Nervous System in the Control of Movement758
- Conclusion765
- References765
- Chapter 29. The Spinal Cord, Muscle, and Locomotion767
- Muscles and Their Control767
- Spinal Networks and the Segmental Motor System775
- Sensory Modulation784
- References789
- Chapter 30. Descending Control of Movement791
- The Medial Postural System792
- The Lateral Voluntary System802
- Summary813
- References814
- Chapter 31. The Basal Ganglia815
- Anatomy of Basal Ganglia816
- Signaling in Basal Ganglia823
- The Effect of Basal Ganglia Damage on Behavior826
- Fundamental Principles of Basal Ganglia Operation for Motor Control832
- Basal Ganglia Participation in Nonmotor Functions834
- References839
- Chapter 32. Cerebellum841
- Overview841
- Organization of Signal Processing Modules849
- Neurons and Their Signals853
- Activation and Inactivation Studies863
- Phylogenetic and Ontogenetic Development865
- Overall Summary870
- References871
- Chapter 33. Eye Movements873
- There Are Five Types of Eye Movements873
- Oculomotor Nuclei and Extraocular Muscles874
- The Vestibulo-Ocular Re.ex877
- The Optokinetic System880
- The Saccadic System881
- Smooth Pursuit887
- Vergence888
- Conclusions890
- References892
- Section VI: Regulatory systems895
- Chapter 34. The Hypothalamus: An Overview of Regulatory Systems897
- Historical Perspective897
- General Organizational Principles of the Adult Hypothalamus900
- Functional Organization of the Hypothalamus901
- Effector Systems of the Hypothalamus Are Both Humoral and Synaptic904
- References908
- Chapter 35. Central Control of Autonomic Functions: Organization of the Autonomic Nervous System911
- Sympathetic Division: Organized to Mobilize the Body for Activity913
- Parasympathetic Division: Organized for Energy Conservation918
- The Enteric Division of the ANS: The Nerve Net Found in the Walls of Visceral Organs921
- ANS Pharmacology: Transmitter and Receptor Coding921
- Autonomic Controls of Homeostasis924
- Hierarchically Organized CNS Circuits928
- Perspective: Future of the Autonomic Nervous System931
- Summary and General Conclusions932
- References932
- Chapter 36. Neural Regulation of the Cardiovascular System935
- Description of the System: An Anatomical Framework935
- Anatomy and Chemical Properties of Efferent Autonomic Pathways943
- A System of Generators944
- Short-Term Control Mechanisms947
- Reflex Control of the Cardiovascular System947
- Arterial Baroreceptors948
- Peripheral Arterial Chemoreceptors954
- Cardiac Receptors956
- Visceral Abdominal Re.exes963
- References965
- Chapter 37. Neural Control of Breathing967
- Early Neuroscience and the Brain Stem967
- Central Nervous System and Breathing Respiratory Rhythm Generation969
- Where Are the Neurons That Generate the Breathing Rhythm?969
- Which Neurons in the Prebötzinger Complex Are Required for Respiratory Rhythm Generation?971
- Where Are the Respiratory Neurons?974
- Discharge Patterns of Respiratory Neurons974
- Sensory Inputs and Altered Breathing980
- Mechanoreceptors in the Lungs Adjust Breathing Pattern and Initiate Protective Reflexes982
- Modulation and Plasticity of Respiratory Motor Output984
- Suprapontine Structures and Breathing989
- References990
- Chapter 38. Food Intake and Metabolism991
- Caloric Homeostasis991
- Role of Caloric Homeostasis in Control of Food Intake994
- Central Control of Food Intake1000
- Neuropeptide and the Control of Food Intake1004
- References1008
- Chapter 39. Water Intake and Body Fluids1011
- Body Fluid Physiology1011
- Osmotic Homeostasis1012
- Volume Homeostasis1020
- References1028
- Chapter 40. Neuroendocrine Systems1031
- The Hypothalamus Is a Neuroendocrine Organ1031
- Hypothalamic Releasing/Inhibiting Hormones and Their Targets1033
- Characteristics of Each Neuroendocrine System1036
- Hypothalamic Control of Sexual Behavior1057
- References1065
- Chapter 41. Circadian Timing1067
- Circadian Rhythms Are a Fundamental Adaptation of Living Organisms1067
- Circadian Timing Is Inherited1068
- Circadian Timing in Animals Is a Function of the Nervous System1070
- The Suprachiasmatic Nucleus Is the Dominant Circadian Pacemaker1072
- Light Is the Dominant Entraining Stimulus1074
- Pacemaker Output Is Limited1077
- The Avian Circadian Timing System Is More Complex Than That of Mammals1078
- Circadian Timing Is Critical for Reproduction in Some Mammals1079
- The Primate Circadian Timing System Functions Principally to Promote Behavioral Adaptation1081
- References1084
- Chapter 42. Sleep, Dreaming, and Wakefulness1085
- The Two States of Sleep: Slow Wave and Rapid Eye Movement1087
- Sleep in the Modern Era of Neuroscience1089
- Anatomy and Physiology of Brain Stem Regulatory Systems1091
- Sensimotor and Modulatory Reticular Neurons Differ Functionally1092
- Other Brain Stem and Diencephalic Neurotransmitter Systems1098
- Modeling the Control of Behavioral State1101
- References1107
- Chapter 43. Motivation and Reward1109
- Neural Mechanisms of Motivation1110
- Dopamine and the Lateral Hypothalamic Syndrome1112
- Reinforcement Systems1116
- Brain Aversion Systems1123
- References1125
- Chapter 44. Drug Reward and Addiction1127
- Assessing the Reinforcing Actions of Drugs1128
- Neurobiological Substrates of Drug Reward1131
- Neurobiological Substrates for Motivation Effects of Drug Dependence1136
- Neurochemical Adaptation in Reward Neurotransmitters1137
- Neuroadaptation, Prolonged Abstinence, and Relapse1139
- References1142
- Section VII: Behavioral and Cognitive Neuroscience1145
- Chapter 45. Human Brain Evolution1147
- Evolutionary and Comparative Principles1147
- Early Stages of Brain Evolution1153
- Evolution of Primate Brains1156
- Why Brain Size Is Important1163
- Conclusions1164
- References1165
- Chapter 46. Cognitive Development and Aging1167
- Brain Development1167
- Cognitive Development and Aging: A Life Span Perspective1172
- Pathological Processes in Cognitive Development and Aging1186
- References1199
- Chapter 47. Visual Perception of Objects1201
- The Problem of Object Recognition1201
- Substrates of Object Perception and Recognition: Early Evidence from Brain Damage1202
- Visual Pathways for Object Processing in Nonhuman Primates1205
- Neuronal Properties within the Object Recognition Pathway1208
- Functional Imaging and Electrophysiology of Object Recognition in Humans1215
- Perception and Recognition of Speci.c Classes of Objects1218
- Object Knowledge Is Stored in a Distributed Network of Cortical Areas1224
- References1227
- Chapter 48. Spatial Cognition1229
- Neuroanatomy of Spatial Cognition1229
- Parietal Cortex1230
- Frontal Cortex1240
- Hippocampus and Adjacent Cortex1245
- Spatial Cognition and Spatial Action1246
- References1246
- Chapter 49. Attention1249
- Introduction1249
- Varieties of Attention1249
- Covert Spatial Attention Has Been Studied Intensively with the Cuing Paradigm1250
- Neglect Syndrome: A Deficit of Spatial Attention1252
- The Network Mediating Spatial Attention in Humans Centers Around Frontal and Parietal Cortical Areas1253
- Human Frontal and Parietal Cortical Areas Provide Top-down Signals Controlling Spatial Attention1254
- Visual Salience Maps in Monkey Parietal and Frontal Cortices Guide the Deployment of Spatial Attenti1254
- Attention Increases Sensitivity and Boosts the Clarity of Signals Generated by Neurons in Parts of t1261
- Attention Affects Neural Activity in the Human Visual Cortex in the Presence and Absence of Visual S1261
- The Visual Search Paradigm Has Been Used to Study the Role of Attention in Selecting Relevant Stimul1264
- Where Is the Computational Bottleneck as Revealed by Search Tasks?1264
- Neuronal Receptive Fields Are a Possible Neural Correlate of Limited Capacity1266
- Competition Can Be Biased by Nonspatial Feedback1267
- Filtering of Unwanted Information in Humans1268
- Closely Related Mechanisms Govern Covert Orienting and Target Selection for Eye Movements1269
- Attentional State1270
- Monoamines Act as Neuromodulators1270
- Conclusions1272
- References1272
- Chapter 50. Learning and Memory: Basic Mechanisms1275
- Paradigms Have Been Developed to Study Associative and Nonassociative Learning1276
- Invertebrate Studies: Key Insights from Aplysia into Basic Mechanisms of Learning1277
- Vertebrate Studies: Long-Term Potentiation1286
- Long-Term Depression1294
- How Does a Change in Synaptic Strength Store a Complex Memory?1295
- References1297
- Chapter 51. Learning and Memory: Brain Systems1299
- Early Proposals about Different Forms of Memory1299
- Emergence of the Modern Conception of Memory Systems1300
- Declarative Memory1304
- Procedural Memory1311
- Emotional Memory1315
- Cerebral Cortex and Memory1320
- Conclusions1326
- References1326
- Chapter 52. Language and Communication1329
- Animal Communication1329
- Human Language1335
- Conclusions1351
- References1352
- Chapter 53. The Prefrontal Cortex and Executive Brain Functions1353
- Controlled versus Automatic Processing1353
- Anatomy and Organization of the Prefrontal Cortex1358
- Behavioral Effects of Damage to the Prefrontal Cortex1359
- Neurophysiology of the Prefrontal Cortex1368
- Theories of Prefrontal Cortex Function1373
- References1376
- Chapter 54. Executive Control and Thought1377
- Introduction1377
- Working Memory: Storage and Updating1379
- Selective Attention1383
- Switching Attention1388
- What Are the Components in Complex Tasks?1391
- References1393
- Permissions1395
- Contributors1397
- Index1401
With over 300 training programs in neuroscience currently in existence, demand is great for a comprehensive textbook that both introduces graduate students to the full range of neuroscience, from molecular biology to clinical science, but also assists instructors in offering an in-depth course in neuroscience to advanced undergraduates.
The second edition of Fundamental Neuroscience accomplishes all this and more. The thoroughly revised text features over 25% new material including completely new chapters, illustrations, and a CD-ROM containing all the figures from the text. More concise and manageable than the previous edition, this book has been retooled to better serve its audience in the neuroscience and medical communities.
Key Features
* Logically organized into 7 sections, with uniform editing of the content for a "one-voice" feel throughout all 54 chapters
* Includes numerous text boxes with concise, detailed descriptions of specific experiments, disorders, methodological approaches, and concepts
* Well-illustrated with over 850 full color figures, also included on the accompanying CD-ROM
The second edition of Fundamental Neuroscience accomplishes all this and more. The thoroughly revised text features over 25% new material including completely new chapters, illustrations, and a CD-ROM containing all the figures from the text. More concise and manageable than the previous edition, this book has been retooled to better serve its audience in the neuroscience and medical communities.
Key Features
* Logically organized into 7 sections, with uniform editing of the content for a "one-voice" feel throughout all 54 chapters
* Includes numerous text boxes with concise, detailed descriptions of specific experiments, disorders, methodological approaches, and concepts
* Well-illustrated with over 850 full color figures, also included on the accompanying CD-ROM