Fundamentals of Air Pollution
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Table of contents
- Cover
- Contentsvii
- Preface to the Third Editionxvii
- Preface to the Fourth Editionxxi
- Part I: Air Pollution Essentials1
- Chapter 1 The Changing Face of Air Pollution3
- I. Defining Air Pollution3
- II. The Emergence of Air Pollution Science, Engineering, and Technology7
- III. Air Pollution Before the Industrial Revolution37
- IV. Air Pollution and the Industrial Revolution40
- V. Recent Air Pollution42
- VI. The 1980s47
- VII. Recent History48
- VIII. The Future49
- Further Reading49
- Suggested Reading51
- Questions51
- Chapter 2 The Earth's Atmosphere52
- I. The Atmosphere52
- II. Baseline Conditions: Unpolluted Air53
- III. What is Air Pollution?58
- IV. Particulate Matter59
- V. Concepts71
- References76
- Suggested Reading76
- Questions76
- Chapter 3 Scales of the Air Pollution Problem77
- I. Local77
- II. Urban78
- III. Regional79
- IV. Continental80
- V. Global85
- Suggested Reading86
- Questions87
- Part II: The Physics and Chemistry of Air Pollution89
- Chapter 4 Air Pollution Physics91
- I. Mechanics of Air Pollution93
- II. Fluid Properties95
- Questions122
- Chapter 5 The Physics of the Atmosphere123
- I. Energy123
- II. Motion131
- III. Energy-Motion Relationships137
- IV. Local Wind Systems141
- V. General Circulation148
- References152
- Suggested Reading152
- Questions153
- Chapter 6 Air Pollution Systems and Processes154
- I. Chemical Processes in Air Pollution154
- II. Air Pollution Chemodynamics160
- References197
- Suggested Reading197
- Questions198
- Chapter 7 Characterizing Air Pollution199
- I. Relationship Between Physics and Chemistry199
- II. Basic Chemical Concepts200
- III. Expressions of Chemical Characteristics207
- IV. Electromagnetic Radiation, Electron Density, Orbitals, and Valence210
- V. Organic Chemistry238
- VI. Introduction to Atmospheric Chemistry248
- VII. Heterogeneous Reactions259
- VIII. Scavenging and Removal from the Atmosphere259
- References260
- Suggested Reading261
- Questions261
- Chapter 8 Air Quality263
- I. Averaging Time267
- II. Cycles270
- III. Primary and Secondary Pollutants273
- IV. Measurement Systems275
- V. Air Quality Levels277
- References295
- Suggested Reading295
- Questions295
- Chapter 9 The Philosophy of Air Pollution Control296
- I. Strategy and Tactics: The Air Pollution System296
- II. Episode Control301
- III. Air Quality Management Control Strategy306
- IV. Alternative Control Strategies309
- V. Economic Considerations310
- References311
- Suggested Reading311
- Questions311
- Chapter 10 Sources of Air Pollution313
- I. General313
- II. Combustion319
- III. Stationary Sources325
- IV. Mobile Sources336
- V. Air Toxics Sources337
- VI. Emission Inventory343
- VII. An International Perspective: Differences in Time and Space346
- VIII. ODORS: More than just a Nuisance351
- References353
- Suggested Reading353
- Questions354
- Part III: Risks from Air Pollution357
- Chapter 11 Effects on Health and Human Welfare359
- I. Air–Water–Soil Interactions359
- II. Total Body Burden365
- III. The Human Respiratory System378
- IV. Impact of Air Pollution on Humans381
- V. Impact of Odor on Humans394
- References395
- Suggested Reading395
- Questions396
- Chapter 12 Effects on Vegetation and Animals397
- I. Injury versus Damage397
- II. Effects on Vegetation and Crops399
- III. Effects on Forests403
- IV. Effects on Animals408
- References411
- Suggested Reading412
- Questions412
- Chapter 13 Effects on Materials and Structures413
- I. Effects on Metals413
- II. Effects on Stone416
- III. Effects on Fabrics and Dyes417
- IV. Effects on Leather, Paper, Paint, and Glass419
- V. Effects on Rubber420
- References421
- Suggested Reading422
- Questions422
- Chapter 14 Effects on the Atmosphere, Soil, and Water Bodies423
- I. The Physics of Visibility423
- II. Formation of Atmospheric Haze430
- III. Effects of Atmospheric Haze433
- IV. Visibility434
- V. Acidic Deposition435
- VI. Effects of Acidic Deposition438
- References439
- Suggested Reading440
- Questions441
- Chapter 15 Long-Term Effects on the Planet442
- I. Global Climate Change442
- II. Ozone Holes451
- References453
- Suggested Reading454
- Questions454
- Part IV: The Measurement and Monitoring of Air Pollution455
- Chapter 16 Ambient Air Sampling457
- I. Elements of a Sampling System457
- II. Sampling Systems for Gaseous Pollutants459
- III. Sampling Systems for Particulate Pollutants463
- IV. Passive Sampling Systems466
- V. Sampler Siting Requirements468
- VI. Sampling for Air Toxics469
- References470
- Suggested Reading470
- Questions470
- Chapter 17 Ambient Air Pollutants: Analysis and Measurement472
- I. Analysis and Measurement of Gaseous Pollutants472
- II. Analysis and Measurement of Particulate Pollutants487
- III. Analysis and Measurement of Odors490
- IV. Analysis and Measurement of Visibility492
- V. Analysis and Measurement of Acidic Deposition496
- References497
- Suggested Reading498
- Questions498
- Chapter 18 Air Pollution Monitoring and Surveillance500
- I. Stationary Monitoring Networks500
- II. Mobile Monitoring and Surveillance503
- III. Remote Sensing505
- IV. Personal Monitoring506
- V. Quality Assurance508
- VI. Data Analysis and Display510
- References513
- Suggested Reading513
- Questions513
- Chapter 19 Air Pathways from Hazardous Waste Sites515
- I. Introduction515
- II. Multimedia Transport516
- III. Contaminant Fate Analysis516
- IV. Modeling524
- V. Assessment of a Hazardous Waste Site525
- References533
- Suggested Reading533
- Questions533
- Part V: Air Pollution Modeling535
- Chapter 20 The Meteorological Bases of Atmospheric Pollution537
- I. Ventilation537
- II. Stagnation539
- III. Meteorological Conditions during Historic Pollution Episodes540
- IV. Effects of Pollution on the Atmosphere546
- V. Removal Mechanisms547
- References550
- Suggested Reading551
- Questions551
- Chapter 21 Transport and Dispersion of Air Pollutants552
- I. Wind Velocity552
- II. Turbulence554
- III. Estimating Concentrations from Point Sources557
- IV. Dispersion Instrumentation566
- V. Atmospheric Tracers571
- VI. Concentration Variation with Averaging Time576
- References578
- Suggested Reading579
- Questions579
- Chapter 22 Air Pollution Modeling and Prediction581
- I. Plume Rise582
- II. Modeling Techniques585
- III. Modeling Nonreactive Pollutants587
- IV. Modeling Pollutant Transformations590
- V. Modeling Air Pollutants593
- VI. Model Performance, Accuracy, and Utilization627
- References633
- Suggested Reading636
- Questions637
- Chapter 23 Air Pollution Climatology638
- I. Sources of Data638
- II. Representativeness641
- III. Frequency of Atmospheric Stagnations646
- IV. Ventilation Climatology647
- V. Wind and Pollution Roses650
- References654
- Suggested Reading655
- Questions655
- Part VI: The Regulatory Control of Air Pollution657
- Chapter 24 Air Quality Criteria and Standards659
- I. Air Quality Criteria659
- II. Conversion of Effects Data and Criteria to Standards659
- III. Conversion of Physical Data and Criteria to Standards669
- IV. Conversion of Biological Data and Criteria to Standards671
- V. Air Quality Standards672
- Suggested Reading677
- Questions678
- Chapter 25 Indoor Air Quality679
- I. Changing Times679
- II. Factors Influencing Indoor Air Quality680
- III. Indoor Air Pollutants682
- IV. Effects of Indoor Air Pollutants685
- V. Control of Indoor Air Pollutants687
- References692
- Suggested Reading692
- Questions692
- Chapter 26 Regulating Air Pollution696
- I. Introduction696
- II. Titles697
- References706
- Suggested Reading706
- Questions706
- Chapter 27 Emission Standards707
- I. Subjective Standards707
- II. Objective Standards709
- III. Types of Emission Standards713
- IV. Variant Forms of Emission Standards713
- V. Means for Implementing Emission Standards715
- References721
- Suggested Reading721
- Questions722
- Chapter 28 The Elements of Regulatory Control723
- I. Control of New Stationary Sources724
- II. Control of Existing Stationary Sources725
- III. Control of Mobile Sources726
- IV. Air Quality Control Regions727
- V. Tall Stacks and Intermittent and Supplementary Control Systems728
- References729
- Suggested Reading729
- Questions729
- Chapter 29 Organization for Air Pollution Control730
- I. Functions730
- II. Organization733
- III. Finance736
- IV. Advisory Groups737
- Suggested Readings738
- Questions739
- Part VII: Preventing and Controlling Air Pollution741
- Chapter 30 Preventing Air Pollution743
- I. Introduction743
- II. Sustainability743
- III. Green Engineering and Sustainability744
- IV. Life Cycle Analysis753
- V. Pollution Prevention756
- VI. Motivations for Practicing Green Engineering761
- VII. Future People767
- References770
- Suggested Reading772
- Questions772
- Chapter 31 Engineering Control Concepts774
- I. Introduction774
- II. Process Change776
- III. Fuel Change777
- IV. Pollution Removal778
- V. Disposal of Pollutants780
- References784
- Suggested Reading784
- Questions784
- Chapter 32 Control Devices, Technologies, and Systems786
- I. Introduction786
- II. Removal of Dry PM794
- III. Removal of Liquid Droplets and Mists807
- IV. Removal of Gaseous Pollutants810
- V. Removal of Odors821
- References822
- Suggested Reading823
- Questions823
- Chapter 33 Control of Hazardous Air Pollutants825
- I. Air Quality and Hazardous Wastes825
- II. Pre-control Considerations830
- III. Contaminant Treatment and Control Approaches832
- IV. Thermal Treatment Processes835
- V. Thermal Destruction Systems839
- VI. Destruction Removal844
- VII. Other Thermal Processes845
- VIII. Indirect Air Impacts848
- References849
- Suggested Reading850
- Questions850
- Chapter 34 Control of Stationary Sources852
- I. Introduction852
- II. Energy, Power, and Incineration853
- III. Chemical and Metallurgical Industries859
- IV. Agriculture and Forest Products Industries872
- V. Other Industrial Processes878
- References883
- Suggested Reading884
- Questions885
- Chapter 35 Control of Mobile Sources886
- I. Introduction886
- II. Gasoline-Powered Vehicles886
- III. Diesel-Powered Vehicles889
- IV. Gas Turbines and Jet Engines889
- V. Alternatives to Existing Mobile Sources891
- References893
- Suggested Reading893
- Questions894
- Chapter 36 Source Sampling and Monitoring895
- I. Introduction895
- II. Source Sampling895
- III. Statistics of Sampling897
- IV. The Source Test899
- V. Source Monitoring910
- References915
- Suggested Reading915
- Questions915
- Chapter 37 The Future of Air Pollution917
- I. The Good News917
- II. Stubborn Problems and Innovative Solutions917
- Index919
- A919
- B922
- C923
- D925
- E926
- F927
- G928
- H929
- I930
- J931
- K931
- L931
- M931
- N933
- O934
- P934
- Q936
- R936
- S937
- T940
- U940
- V941
- W941
- X942
- Y942
- Z942
Fundamentals of Air Pollution is an important and widely used textbook in the environmental science and engineering community. Written shortly after the passage of the seminal Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990, the third edition was quite timely. Surprisingly, the text has remained relevant for university professors, engineers, scientists, policy makers and students up to recent years. However, in light of the transition in the last five years from predominantly technology-based standards (maximum achievable control technologies or MACTs) to risk-based regulations and air quality standards, the text must be updated significantly.
The fourth edition will be updated to include numerous MACTs which were not foreseen during the writing of the third edition, such as secondary lead (Pb) smelting, petroleum refining, aerospace manufacturing, marine vessel loading, ship building, printing and publishing, elastomer production, offsite waste operations, and polyethylene terephthalate polymer and styrene-based thermoplastic polymers production.
* Focuses on the process of risk assessment, management and communication, the key to the study of air pollution.
* Provides the latest information on the technological breakthroughs in environmental engineering since last edition
* Updated information on computational and diagnostic and operational tools that have emerged in recent years.
The fourth edition will be updated to include numerous MACTs which were not foreseen during the writing of the third edition, such as secondary lead (Pb) smelting, petroleum refining, aerospace manufacturing, marine vessel loading, ship building, printing and publishing, elastomer production, offsite waste operations, and polyethylene terephthalate polymer and styrene-based thermoplastic polymers production.
* Focuses on the process of risk assessment, management and communication, the key to the study of air pollution.
* Provides the latest information on the technological breakthroughs in environmental engineering since last edition
* Updated information on computational and diagnostic and operational tools that have emerged in recent years.