Fundamentals of Salt Water Desalination
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Table of contents
- Cover
- ContentsXIII
- PrefaceVII
- SymbolsXI
- Chapter 1. Introduction1
- Objectives2
- 1.1. Resources and Need for Water Desalination2
- 1.2. Composition of Seawater6
- 1.3. Historical Background7
- 1.4. Definition and Classification of Industrial Desalination Processes11
- 1.5. Market Status for Desalination Processes15
- References16
- Chapter 2. Single Effect Evaporation19
- Objectives20
- 2.1. Single Effect Evaporation20
- 2.2. Evaporators43
- Review Questions47
- Problems47
- Chapter 3. Single Effect Evaporation – Vapor Compression49
- Objectives50
- 3.1. Single Effect Thermal Vapor Compression50
- 3.2. Single Effect Mechanical Vapor Compression81
- 3.3. Single Effect Absorption Vapor Compression110
- 3.4. Single Effect Adsorption Vapor Compression129
- References145
- Problems145
- Chapter 4. Multiple Effect Evaporation147
- Objectives148
- 4.1. Developments in Multiple Effect Evaporation148
- 4.2. Forward Feed Multiple Effect Evaporation152
- 4.3. Parallel Feed Multiple Effect Evaporation188
- References208
- Chapter 5. Multiple Effect Evaporation – Vapor Compression211
- Objectives212
- 5.1. Parallel Feed Multiple Effect Evaporation with Thermal and Mechanical Vapor Compression212
- 5.2. Forward Feed Multiple Effect Evaporation with Thermal Vapor Compression243
- 5.3. Forward Feed Multiple Effect Evaporation with Mechanical Vapor Compression260
- 5.4. Forward Feed Multiple Effect Evaporation with Absorption Vapor Compression263
- 5.5. Forward Feed Multiple Effect Evaporation with Adsorption Vapor Compression266
- 5.6. Summary269
- Chapter 6. Multi Stage Flash Distillation271
- Objectives272
- 6.1. Developments in MSF272
- 6.2. MSF Flashing Stage276
- 6.3. MSF Process Synthesis282
- 6.4. Once Through MSF322
- 6.5. Brine Circulation MSF345
- 6.6. MSF with Thermal Vapor Compression385
- 6.7. MSF with Brine Mixing397
- Problems405
- Chapter 7. Reverse Osmosis409
- Objectives410
- 7.1. Historical Background410
- 7.2. Elements of Membrane Separation412
- 7.3. Performance Parameters414
- 7.4. RO Membranes416
- 7.5. Membrane Modules418
- 7.6. RO Systems421
- 7.7. RO Models and System Variables424
- 7.8. Case Studies429
- Problems435
- Chapter 8. Reverse Osmosis Feed Treatment, Biofouling, and Membrane Cleaning439
- Objectives440
- 8.1. Nee for Pretreatment Processes in RO440
- 8.2. Testing Methods441
- 8.3. Suspended Solids and Silt Reduction442
- 8.4. Fouling and Scale Control443
- 8.5. Biofouling in RO446
- 8.6. Membrane Cleaning449
- 8.7. Membrane Storage451
- References452
- Chapter 9. Associated Processes453
- Objectives454
- 9.1. Venting of Non-Condensable Gases454
- 9.2. Steam Jet Ejectors458
- 9.3. Wire Mesh Demisters475
- 9.4. Interstage Brine Transfer Devices491
- References497
- Chapter 10. Economic Analysis of Desalination Processes503
- Objectives504
- 10.1. Factors Affecting Product Cost504
- 10.2. Elements of Economic Calculations504
- 10.3. Cost Evaluation509
- 10.4. Case Studies514
- 10.5. Summary521
- References523
- Problems523
- Appendix A. Thermodynamic Properties525
- A.l. Seawater Density526
- A.2. Seawater Specific Heat at Constant Pressure528
- A.3. Seawater Dynamic Viscosity530
- A.4. Seawater Thermal Conductivity532
- A.5. Enthalpy of Saturated Liquid Water534
- A.6. Enthalpy of Saturated Water Vapor536
- A.7. Latent Heat of Water Evaporation538
- A.8. Entropy of Saturated Liquid Water540
- A.9. Entropy of Saturated Water Vapor542
- A. 10. Saturation Pressure of Water Vapor544
- A. 11. Saturation Temperature of Water Vapor546
- A. 12. Specific Volume of Saturated Water Vapor548
- A. 13. Specific Volume of Saturated Liquid Water550
- A. 14. Dynamic Viscosity of Saturated Liquid Water552
- A. 15. Dynamic Viscosity of Saturated Water Vapor554
- A. 16. Surface Tension of Saturated Liquid Water556
- A. 17. Enthalpy of LiBr Water Solution558
- A. 18. Boiling Temperature of LiBr Water Solution561
- Appendix B. Thermodynamic Losses565
- B.l. Boiling Point Elevation566
- B.2. Non-Equilibrium Allowance in MSF568
- B.3. Non-Equilibrium Allowance in MEE570
- B.4. Demister Pressure Drop572
- B.5. Pressure Drop in Connecting Lines574
- B.6. Gravitational Pressure Drop577
- B.7. Acceleration Pressure Drop580
- References583
- Appendix C. Heat Transfer Coefficients585
- C. 1. Falling Film on the Tube Outside Surface586
- C.2. Vapor Condensation Inside Tubes588
- C.3. Seawater Flowing Inside Tubes590
- C.4. Vapor Condensation on the Outside Surface of Tubes592
- C.5. Water Flow in Plate Heat Exchanger594
- C.6. Condenser and Evaporator Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient596
- References597
- Appendix D. Computer Package599
- D.l. Main Window600
- D.2. Physical Properties606
- D.3. Single Effect Evaporation (SEE)609
- D.4. Single Effect Evaporation – Vapor Compression619
- D.5. Parallel Feed Multiple Effect Evaporation641
- D.6. Parallel Feed Multiple Effect Evaporation – Vapor Compression645
- D.7. Forward Feed Multiple Effect Evaporation652
- D.8. Multistage Flash Desalination660
- Index668
Industrial desalination of sea and brackish water is becoming an essential part in providing sustainable sources of fresh water for a larger number of communities around the world. Desalination is a main source of fresh water in the Gulf countries, a number of the Caribbean and Mediterranean Islands, and several municipalities in a large number of countries. As the industry expands there is a pressing need to have a clear and well-written textbook that focuses on desalination fundamentals and other industrial aspects.
This book focuses on the processes widely used in industry, which include multistage flash desalination and reverse osmosis. Also, other desalination processes with attractive features and high potential are featured.
It includes a large number of solved examples, which are explained in simple and careful matter that allow the reader to follow and understand the development. The data used in the development of the examples and case studies are extracted from existing desalination plants.
This title also includes comparisons of model predictions against results reported in literature as well as available experimental and industrial data. Several industries include similar unit operation processes, i.e., evaporators, condensers, flashing units, membrane separation, and chemical treatment. Examples of such industries include wastewater treatment, food, petroleum, petrochemical, power generation, and pulp and paper. Process fundamentals and design procedures of such unit processes follow the same procedures given in this textbook.
This book focuses on the processes widely used in industry, which include multistage flash desalination and reverse osmosis. Also, other desalination processes with attractive features and high potential are featured.
It includes a large number of solved examples, which are explained in simple and careful matter that allow the reader to follow and understand the development. The data used in the development of the examples and case studies are extracted from existing desalination plants.
This title also includes comparisons of model predictions against results reported in literature as well as available experimental and industrial data. Several industries include similar unit operation processes, i.e., evaporators, condensers, flashing units, membrane separation, and chemical treatment. Examples of such industries include wastewater treatment, food, petroleum, petrochemical, power generation, and pulp and paper. Process fundamentals and design procedures of such unit processes follow the same procedures given in this textbook.